ZIP code 45011: Liberty Township and Hamilton

Drinking-water compliance

A health-based violation is a contaminant above its limit or a treatment rule not followed; monitoring, reporting and public-notice violations are paperwork. Lead is the 90th-percentile result across sampled homes, not a reading at any one tap.

Source: EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System (Envirofacts, pulled September 2026), violations and lead and copper sampling for the system that serves most of this ZIP · EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts) · EPA ECHO

Byproducts and contaminants

TTHM

25.4 µg/L yearly mean in 2019, the last year in the file (limit 80); worst yearly mean 32, highest single sample 53.3; 171 samples from 2012 to 2019

HAA5

5.1 µg/L yearly mean in the last year sampled (limit 60); worst yearly mean 8, highest sample 14.4; 168 samples

Sampled at

the entry points of Hamilton Public Water System, which treats the water Butler Co. Water District 2 sells; the nitrate, arsenic, radioactivity, solvent, farm-chemical and metal rows below are its results

Plants

Hamilton Public Water System runs 2 plants and EPA's file lumps their entry-point samples under one system, so the nitrate, arsenic, radioactivity, solvent, farm-chemical and metal rows cover all 2, not only South Water Treatment Plant, which serves this ZIP; a sample over a limit may be from another plant

Nitrate

highest of 15 samples was 1.5 mg/L as nitrogen (2019; limit 10); 1.5 in 2019, the last year sampled. Nitrate above 10 is unsafe for infants

Arsenic

not detected in 4 samples (limit 10)

Solvents and fuels

benzene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, vinyl chloride not detected in 4 samples

Bacteria

8 of 9,944 routine tap samples (0.08%) tested positive for total coliform in 2012 to 2019, 1 of 1,224 in 2019; E. coli never found in the 35 tap samples tested for it. Coliform itself is a warning sign; E. coli means sewage or manure reached the water

Farm chemicals

atrazine, alachlor not detected in 4 samples

Metals

barium in 2 of 4 samples, highest 57.2 µg/L (limit 2,000); chromium, cadmium, mercury, selenium, thallium not detected in 4 samples

EPA's file stops at 2019; Ohio EPA's Drinking Water Watch has newer results. Byproducts are judged on running yearly averages at each sampling site, so one high sample is not a violation. Nitrate and arsenic are measured where water enters the pipes.

Source: EPA Six-Year Review 4 compliance monitoring data, 2012 to 2019 (TTHM, HAA5 and coliform from distribution-system samples of Butler Co. Water District 2; nitrate, arsenic, radionuclides, solvents, herbicides and metals from the entry points of Hamilton Public Water System, its supplier); non-detects counted as zero

PFAS

UCMR 5, all plants

15 samples in 2023 to 2025 at the entry point to the distribution system: PFHxS 4.7, PFBS 3.5 ng/L

Sources

The system reported a known PFAS source near its supply

Ohio EPA 2020 at Hamilton Public Water System

2 plants tested (latest 2020-07): nothing detected for the six PFAS tested

Ohio EPA latest at Hamilton Public Water System

2 plants sampled by Ohio EPA, most recently 2026-02 (Ohio EPA statewide sampling status map)

Firefighting foam: 9 fire departments or other holders in Butler County registered 915 gallons of PFAS-based AFFF foam with Ohio EPA, 745 gallons in opened containers; the state is collecting it for disposal so it is never sprayed again.

Lithium: not detected in 6 UCMR 5 samples at Butler Co. Water District 2 (the method reports from 9 µg/L). Lithium is unregulated; EPA's draft health reference level is 10 µg/L, and it occurs naturally in deep groundwater, so well systems in the northwest run highest.

PFAS are the forever chemicals from firefighting foam, plating shops and non-stick coatings. One sample above 4 ng/L is not a violation; compliance is judged on running annual averages, and systems are adding carbon filters ahead of the 2029 deadline. Results are for water leaving the plant, not your tap.

Source: EPA UCMR 5 occurrence data (final release, August 2026) and Ohio EPA statewide PFAS sampling 2019 to 2021 and its current status map, for the system that serves most of this ZIP; EPA SDWIS record OH0900303; results in nanograms per litre (parts per trillion) · Ohio EPA PFAS

Lead at the tap

Latest period

0 ppb in the sampling period ending 2025-12

Highest since 2016

3.9 ppb (2024-12); never above 10 ppb in 5 periods

Service lines

42,124 inventoried: 0 lead, 0 galvanized needing replacement, 0 unknown, 42,124 not lead (reported all required service line types)

Children: the Ohio Department of Health lists this ZIP as high-risk for childhood lead exposure, mostly from old paint and soil, so every child living here should get a blood lead test at ages 1 and 2 (Medicaid covers it, and doctors are required to order it).

Housing age: 27% of the homes here were built before 1960 and 14% before 1940, when lead service lines, lead solder and lead paint were common; 40% predate 1980 (Census ACS 2020 to 2024).

Systems sample taps in the homes most likely to have lead pipes or solder; the 90th-percentile figure means nine in ten sampled homes were at or below it. Lead comes from the service line and the house plumbing, not the source water, so a low system result does not clear an old house. The action level drops from 15 to 10 ppb in 2027, and every lead line must be replaced within ten years of that.

Source: EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System lead and copper 90th-percentile results (Envirofacts) and EPA's service line inventory dashboard (2026 Q2), for Butler Co. Water District 2 (OH0900303), the system that serves most of this ZIP · ODH childhood lead testing · ODH high-risk ZIP list (CCBH PDF) · Ohio EPA lead and copper · H2Ohio

Fluoride and treatment

Treatment on file at Hamilton Public Water System, which supplies Butler Co. Water District 2: aeration, chlorine dioxide, coagulation and settling, lime softening, sand or media filtration, chlorine disinfection; Butler Co. Water District 2 itself adds chlorine disinfection.

Measured fluoride: 0.8 mg/L on average leaving the plants of Hamilton Public Water System, which supplies Butler Co. Water District 2, in 2018 (in the range dentists aim for); samples ran from 0.78 to 1.8 mg/L across 4 samples in 2012 to 2019 (EPA compliance monitoring, Hamilton Public Water System). Natural fluoride in Ohio well water runs from a trace to over 2 mg/L in parts of the northwest.

The health department counts 99.5% of Butler County residents on community water as receiving fluoridated water.

Ohio law (ORC 6109.20, 1969) makes systems serving 5,000 or more people fluoridate unless the water already carries 0.8 mg/L naturally or the community exempted itself by ordinance or referendum in the months after the law passed; smaller systems choose for themselves. Water bought from another utility arrives already treated, so the steps shown are the supplier's. The treatment list is what each system registered with EPA and can lag a plant upgrade.

Source: CDC My Water's Fluoride, fluoridation status of each system as reported by the Ohio Department of Health; EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System treatment table for Butler Co. Water District 2 (OH0900303) and its supplier Hamilton Public Water System (OH0904012); EPA Six-Year Review 4 compliance monitoring, 2012 to 2019; Ohio Department of Health fluoridation report (DataOhio) for the county share · EPA SDWIS search

Algal toxins

Butler Co. Water District 2 buys its water from Hamilton Public Water System, which draws groundwater that Ohio does not monitor for algal toxins; blooms are a surface-water problem.

Source: Ohio EPA public water system harmful algal bloom monitoring (HAB data and map, DrinkingWater/HAB service, fetched 2026-09-09), total microcystins by ELISA in raw and treated water, for the system that serves most of this ZIP · Ohio EPA HAB information for public water systems

Groundwater

Under the surface

glacial till (clay-rich, poor yields), part of the Mason Thin Upland Aquifer (thin upland setting); wells there yield < 5 gallons a minute, deposits < 25 ft thick

Bedrock

Ordovician undivided, yielding 0 - 5 gpm to a well

Setting

Limestone and Shale; water table 15-30 ft down, 2-4 in/yr recharge, clay loam soil (hydrogeologic setting 7Ah); pesticide index 116

Karst

11 karst and spring points in ODNR's inventory inside the ZIP (0 field-verified), 0.2 per square mile

Well logs

1,386 drilled wells on file (18.8 per 1,000 residents), median 54 ft deep, 10 gallons a minute median test yield, water 20 ft down

Aquifers

31% of wells in bedrock, 69% in sand, gravel and other unconsolidated material; typical well drilled 1977, 323 since 2000; uses: Domestic 809, Monitor 171

Wellhead protection

5% of this ZIP lies inside Ohio EPA source water protection areas for 9 public water systems (Hamilton Public Water System, Oxford City PWS, New Miami Village PWS), 2% inside inner management zones, the ground a well draws from within a year; the largest, Hamilton Public Water System, is rated high susceptibility in a buried valley setting

Geology

94% of the ZIP is a sensitive geologic setting, where thin or sandy cover leaves the aquifer open to what soaks in from the surface; its population center sits on Ordovician limestone and shale known to form karst, under more than 20 ft of drift; 7 probable sinkholes inside the ZIP, where surface water can pour straight into the aquifer; nearest verified sinkhole 3.9 mi away (Ohio EPA and ODNR Geological Survey)

Injection wells

208 Class V injection wells on Ohio EPA's books inside this ZIP (58 active): 37 stormwater drainage, 18 large septic, 76 cleanup injection, 2 vehicle waste, 75 other; these put fluids underground above or into drinking water aquifers

Urban setting

2 Ohio EPA Urban Setting Designation areas touch this ZIP (Niles Tool Works): a finding that groundwater there is not used for drinking, which lets contaminated sites close without cleaning the aquifer to drinking standards

Water table

BU-8 OH monitoring well (ODNR), 3.6 mi away: water 42.6 ft below ground on 2026-07-26; averaged 44 ft in 2015 to 2019 and 45 ft over the latest year, so the table is running about 1.0 ft lower; range 37.4 to 53.6 ft over 4,039 readings since 2015

Nitrate risk

EPA researchers put the chance that a public water system in the Banklick Creek-Great Miami River subwatershed exceeds the nitrate limit at 33% if it draws on groundwater and 52% if it draws on rivers or lakes, judged from land use, geology and past results (EnviroAtlas nitrate violation index; the typical Ohio subwatershed scores 23% for groundwater and 39% for surface water)

Quality monitoring

Ohio EPA's nearest ambient groundwater monitoring well is Hamilton South Wellfield (Butler County), 5.9 mi away: in sand and gravel, Great Miami River aquifer; wells there yield over 500 gallons a minute; on standby. 18 active wells within 15 mi

Vulnerability rates how easily a spill at the surface reaches the aquifer, not whether anything has. Well logs include abandoned and replaced wells, so counts overstate wells in use; a private well owner is the only one who tests it.

Source: ODNR Division of Geological Survey, Groundwater Vulnerability (DRASTIC) map (polygon at the ZIP's population-weighted center), karst feature inventory, and the Ohio water well log database (logs inside the ZIP boundary) · ODNR Geological Survey · Ohio EPA GIS services · USGS water data

Aquifer exposure

Karst

the population center sits on Ordovician limestone and shale known to form karst, under more than 20 ft of drift; 7 probable sinkholes inside the ZIP; nearest verified sinkhole 3.9 mi from the center

Wellhead protection

5% of the ZIP lies inside Ohio EPA source water protection areas for 9 public water systems (Hamilton Public Water System, Oxford City PWS, New Miami Village PWS), 2% inside inner management zones, the ground a well draws from within a year; the largest, Hamilton Public Water System, is rated high susceptibility in a buried valley setting

Vulnerability index

DRASTIC 94 (ODNR; higher means a spill at the surface reaches the aquifer more easily)

Sensitive settings are outwash plains, buried valleys, karst and shallow bedrock, mapped statewide by Ohio EPA for siting decisions. Exposure is not contamination: it says how quickly a spill, a failing tank or heavy manure would reach the water table, not whether one has.

Source: Ohio EPA Sensitive Geologic Settings and karst geology layers (geology/Geology), ODNR Geological Survey karst and spring points, Ohio EPA source water protection areas (DrinkingWater/SWAP); shares by ZIP boundary overlay, karst by a point query at the population-weighted center · Ohio EPA geology layers · Ohio EPA source water protection (SWAP) · ODNR Geological Survey

Sewage treatment

Size

0.8 million gallons a day design flow

Compliance

2 of the last 12 quarters with a violation; currently in violation (not significant); 3 effluent limit exceedances in 3 years

Other discharge permits: 4 facilities inside this ZIP other than sewage plants hold a Clean Water Act permit (factories, water plants, quarries, package plants, storm water), 1 of them major; 11 facility-quarters with a violation in the last three years; largest: Hamilton Municipal Power Plt (major); Crouse Mhp And Sales Inc. (0.04 MGD).

Sewage sludge: 90 farm fields covering 2,268 acres inside this ZIP are permitted for spreading treated biosolids, mostly from Middletown Wwtp (1,346 acres), Lesourdsville Water Reclamation Facility (406 acres), Fairfield Wwtp (400 acres); 3 more retired (Ohio EPA). Biosolids carry nutrients and, increasingly under scrutiny, PFAS.

Sludge source: 2 permitted biosolids generators are inside this ZIP; nearest Lesourdsville Water Reclamation Facility, 4.2 mi away (a major plant); 5 within 10 miles (Ohio EPA).

State water loans: 1 project inside this ZIP has borrowed $1.3 million from Ohio EPA's revolving loan funds since 2018 (1 sewer, storm water and runoff project for $1.3 million). Largest: Miscellaneous Sanitary Sewer Replacement (Hamilton, 2018, $1.3 million). Below-market loans are how most Ohio treatment plants and water mains get rebuilt.

Stormwater: 66% of this ZIP lies inside Ohio EPA's regulated MS4 areas, mostly the Liberty Township storm sewer system (13 permit holders overlap the ZIP); the towns, townships and counties that own those storm sewers hold a stormwater permit and must control what runs off streets and parking lots (2020 to 2030 designation). 17 sites with an address in this ZIP hold their own industrial stormwater permits (Saica Pack US LLC, Ace Sanitary, Duro Dyne and others) (EPA Facility Finder).

Plants inside this ZIP: Lesourdsville Water Reclamation Facility (15 MGD, major).

Where a home's sewage actually goes depends on the sewer district, and rural homes are on septic systems the county health department permits; the nearest plant is a proxy. Violations range from paperwork to raw discharges.

Source: EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO), Clean Water Act NPDES facilities with a POTW component in Ohio; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center. Compliance data lag about a quarter.; other Clean Water Act permit holders inside the ZIP from the same service · EPA ECHO · EPA CSO inventory · Ohio EPA GIS services · EPA Facility Finder

Stream health

Uses failing

aquatic life 48% of the land, recreation (bacteria) 48%, fish consumption 34%

Causes listed

unknown cause (49%), bacteria (pathogens) (48%), other (32%)

Cleanup plans

18% of the land is under a TMDL pollution budget

Watersheds here: Town of New Miami-Great Miami River (not assessed); East Fork Mill Creek-Mill Creek (not supporting).

Fish advisories (Ohio EPA): Great Miami River (State Route 73 near Middletown to Harrison Pike (Miamitown)): striped hybrid bass/wiper six meals a year, white bass one meal a month, smallmouth bass one meal a month and 4 more species (PCBs, lead, mercury); Ford Hydraulic Canal (All waters (Butler County)): channel catfish one meal a month, common carp one meal a month (PCBs); Four Mile Creek (Acton Lake to Sevenmile Creek): smallmouth bass one meal a month (mercury). Statewide, every other fish is one meal a week because of mercury.

Nearest stream assessment (Ohio EPA): Mill Creek E Of Hamilton @ Liberty-Fairfield Rd. on the Mill Creek, 1.5 mi away, draining 4 square miles: partial attainment of its warmwater use; fish IBI 48 of 60 (2014); bugs rated fair; habitat QHEI 64 of 100. 3 assessed sites inside the ZIP, 3 within 3 miles, 47 within 10. Scores above about 40 (IBI), 36 (ICI) and 60 (QHEI) mean a healthy warmwater stream.

Stream designations (Ohio EPA water quality standards): 37.6 miles of designated streams cross this ZIP: 33.6 mi warmwater habitat, 4 mi exceptional warmwater habitat. Nearest specially protected stream: the Sevenmile creek, 5.7 mi away, a Superior High Quality Water; 5% of the ZIP lies within a mile of such a stream, where new discharges face the strictest antidegradation review. Exceptional and coldwater streams are the state's healthiest; modified and limited-resource waters are channelized or ditched.

Proposed for 2026: the nearest reach Ohio EPA proposes to add to the antidegradation tiers is the Whitewater River (Indiana state line (RM 8.28) to the mouth), 19.4 mi away, as Outstanding State Water for recreation.

PFAS in the river (Ohio EPA large river survey): at Great Miami R. @ Liberty-Fairfield Rd., 2.5 mi away, the water carried 119.73 ng/L of total PFAS (PFOA 5.6, PFOS 8.3 ng/L); fish fillets held 10.17 ng/g in catfish. Drinking water limits are 4 ng/L for PFOA and PFOS; river water is not drinking water, but treatment plants that draw from it start from these numbers.

Farm chemicals (USGS estimate, 2018): farms in Butler County used about 78 metric tons of pesticide active ingredient, 167 kg per square mile, 50th of Ohio's 88 counties. Largest: glyphosate 29 t, atrazine 10 t, metolachlor 6 t, acetochlor 5 t, 2,4-D 5 t. Atrazine, the corn herbicide, is the pesticide that most often shows up in Ohio tap water after spring rains; this county used 10 t of it.

Farms (2022 Census of Agriculture): 888 farms work 93,238 acres of Butler County, with 21.8% of its land in cropland, 105 acres to a farm. 9,237 cattle, 14,490 hogs, 3,119 laying hens, 811 broilers; 18,231 acres of corn and 26,235 of soybeans. Sales $65 million, 24% from animals and animal products. Manure and fertilizer from farms like these carry the phosphorus and nitrogen behind Ohio's algae and nitrate problems; withheld figures protect individual farms.

A watershed unit fails when any sampled stream in it fails; ditches in flat farm country fail on habitat and nutrients, city creeks on bacteria and sediment. Ohio's own report is at epa.ohio.gov; the EPA link on each unit's report page has the sampling detail.

Source: EPA ATTAINS (Ohio EPA 2024 Integrated Report), watershed assessment units overlaid on the ZIP boundary in an equal-area projection; shares are of the ZIP's land area · EPA ATTAINS · Ohio integrated report · Ohio sport fish advisory · Ohio EPA advisory map

Watershed

• Lower Great Miami, Indiana, Ohio71% of residentsDrains to the Ohio River
• Middle Ohio-Laughery29% of residentsDrains to the Ohio River

ZIP codes and subbasins do not share boundaries, so this ZIP is split between them.

H2Ohio: nearest project Trenton Woodsdale Restoration & Recreation Area, inland floodplain wetland, funded 2024, in progress, 2.9 mi away: This project involves the restoration of 30 acres of  wetlands, including planning and engineering to assess needed environmental remediation and restoration. T...; 2 within 5 miles, 4 within 15. H2Ohio pays for wetlands, farm practices and lead line work to cut the nutrients behind Lake Erie's algae.

Watershed grants: nearest "Wildermuth Stream and Wetland Restoration" by Butler County Water & Sewer (stream restoration, Section 319), 7.2 mi away; 9 within 10 miles (Ohio EPA project lists: Section 319 and GLRI through fiscal 2023, SWIF through 2017).

Road salt: nearest went to City of Springdale (equipment, 2024-2025), 7.4 mi away; 1 in Butler County. H2Ohio pays for brine makers, calibrated spreaders and covered salt barns so less chloride reaches streams and wells.

The population center sits in the Banklick Creek-Great Miami River subwatershed; its water runs on through Owl Creek-Great Miami River, then Jordan Creek-Great Miami River, then Doublelick Run-Great Miami River.

In 2015 Butler County drew about 80 million gallons a day of fresh water (USGS): 50.7 million for public supply (100% from wells, 367,700 people served at 55 gallons a person a day at home), 0.1 million for power plant cooling, 21.5 million for industry, 0.3 million for irrigation, 6.5 million for mining; 8,700 residents drew their own well water.

EnviroAtlas, Banklick Creek-Great Miami River: under 50 acres in the Conservation Reserve Program; 806 acres of grain crops; 71 miles of streams (1.6 per square mile); water use of 5.2 million gallons a day for homes; 40.9 inches of rain and snow a year; 10.8 kg of nitrogen per hectare falling from the air each year; farm nitrogen of 0.5 kg per hectare a year as manure and 7.2 kg as synthetic fertilizer; 22% of the land is paved or roofed; 48% of the stream banks keep natural cover (EPA EnviroAtlas national metrics, 2010s vintages).

Stream permits: 10% of this ZIP drains to streams Ohio EPA rates high quality, where a project that fills, pipes or crosses a stream needs an individual Ohio EPA 401 water quality review; 15% drains toward high-quality waters farther down and might qualify for the Army Corps' blanket nationwide permits after a field screening and 75% can use those nationwide permits outright (Ohio EPA 401 nationwide permit eligibility map).

Source: USGS Watershed Boundary Dataset (HUC-8 subbasins by resident share, HUC-12 subwatershed at the population center) · 2020 census blocks · USGS watershed boundaries · EPA EnviroAtlas · Ohio EPA 401 map · USGS county water use 2015 · ODNR H2Ohio projects · ODNR Lake Erie Coastal Management Area · Ohio EPA source water protection (SWAP) · Ohio EPA nine-element plans · Ohio EPA 319, GLRI and SWIF project lists · Ohio EPA chloride reduction grants · NOAA Lake Erie water levels

Homes and income

Household income

$91,873 median

Income spread

14% of households earn under $25,000 a year, 48% $100,000 or more and 14% $200,000 or more

Rent

$1,068 a month, median gross

Owner-occupied

75% of 27,100 occupied homes; 69% of owners carry a mortgage

Typical home built

1991

Value spread

13% of owner-occupied homes are worth under $100,000 and 11% $500,000 or more; income per person $42,991 a year

Moved in

the typical owner moved in in 2011, the typical renter in 2018

Median age

39.2 years

Commute

24 minutes each way on average, 12% of commuters travel 45 minutes or more, 16% work from home

Housing stock

75% single-family detached, 10% in buildings of 5 or more units, 3.6% mobile homes; 1.4% of homes are crowded (more than one person a room)

Vacancy

5.0% of 28,540 housing units are vacant: 1.2% for rent, 1.1% for sale, 2.6% other, such as homes held off the market, in probate or abandoned

Owner costs

19% of owners with a mortgage and 11% of owners without one spend 30% or more of income on housing

Evictions

11.93 eviction filings a year per 100 renter households in 2016 to 2018, 6.42 ending in a judgement (about 809 filings a year; Eviction Lab)

Fair market rent

$1,290 a month for a two-bedroom (one-bedroom $1,000, three-bedroom $1,700): HUD's fiscal 2026 small-area fair market rent, the benchmark for housing vouchers in the Cincinnati metro area

Tax returns

33,460 returns for 2022 averaging $86,300 of adjusted gross income; 27% reported under $25,000 and 8% reported $200,000 or more; 14% claimed the earned income credit and 24% were filed by people 60 or older (IRS)

Redlining

3% of this ZIP's area was graded on the federal Home Owners' Loan Corporation's late-1930s Hamilton map: 2% grade C (declining), 1% grade D (hazardous, the redlined areas)

Subsidized housing

1 public housing development with 60 units (Butler Metropolitian Housing Authority); 12 tax-credit (LIHTC) properties with 1,320 low-income units, newest placed in service 2019; 2 HUD-assisted multifamily properties with 176 assisted units (Section 8 and similar contracts). Housing vouchers used in private rentals are not counted

Banks

9 full-service bank branches from 6 banks inside this ZIP (FDIC); 3 credit union branches from 3 credit unions (NCUA)

Strain

49% of renters pay 30% or more of income in rent; 5.3% of households have no vehicle; the median renter spends 29.5% of income on rent; the median owner with a mortgage spends 17.3% of income on housing costs

Five-year survey averages centered on 2022; small ZIPs carry wide margins of error, and owner-estimated values run below sale prices in a rising market.

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020 to 2024 five-year estimates by ZIP Code Tabulation Area; Eviction Lab (Princeton) tract estimates 2016 to 2018, weighted to the ZIP; HUD fiscal 2026 Small Area Fair Market Rents; IRS Statistics of Income ZIP data, tax year 2022; Mapping Inequality (University of Richmond), HOLC maps 1935 to 1940; HUD eGIS open data for subsidized housing; FDIC BankFind branch locations; NCUA credit union branch list, March 2026 · Census ACS · Eviction Lab · HUD data · IRS ZIP statistics · Mapping Inequality · HUD eGIS open data · FDIC BankFind · NCUA call report data

Houses and neighborhoods

Homes

21,456 one-family houses, 452 two-family houses, 50 three-family houses, 904 condominiums, 14 manufactured homes, 183 farmhouses; also 104 apartment buildings and 396 other residential parcels

Age

21% built before 1950, 33% before 1978 (1978: the year lead paint was banned for housing)

Size

median living area 1,854 sq ft; median lot 0.35 acres (condominiums left out)

Value

median appraised value $282,690 (tax year 2025): the county auditor's market value for property tax, not a sale price

Sales

716 sales in the 12 months to Sep 14, 2026 (median $389,495); 4,057 sales in 5 years (median $372,000, $186 a sq ft). Counted: sales the auditor marked valid or has not yet reviewed (sales marked not valid, and unreviewed ones under $10,000, are left out), single-parcel sales of homes, one per house (its newest)

Owners

8% company-owned

Neighborhoods

9 neighborhoods and 381 subdivisions (details load below)

Show neighborhoods and houses

The houses load when you search, pick a filter or press the button (the pack for this part of the state, a few megabytes). Zoomed in on the map, each house of this ZIP draws as a dot that follows the search and filters.

Source: county auditors' appraisal records: Butler County Auditor (as of Sep 14, 2026); residential parcels placed in ZIPs by the atlas; neighborhood boundaries as the cities publish them (the layers used here are named once the houses load); owner names are not carried · Allen County Auditor · Ashland County Auditor · Auglaize County Auditor · Butler County Auditor · Champaign County Auditor · Clark County Auditor · Clinton County Auditor · Coshocton County Auditor · Crawford County Auditor · Fairfield County Auditor · Fayette County Auditor · Franklin County Auditor · Greene County Auditor · Guernsey County Auditor · Hardin County Auditor · Highland County Auditor · Hocking County Auditor · Holmes County Auditor · Jackson County Auditor · Knox County Auditor · Licking County Auditor · Logan County Auditor · Lorain County Auditor · Madison County Auditor · Marion County Auditor · Miami County Auditor · Montgomery County Auditor · Morrow County Auditor · Muskingum County Auditor · Perry County Auditor · Pickaway County Auditor · Richland County Auditor · Ross County Auditor · Stark County Auditor · Tuscarawas County Auditor · Union County Auditor · Wyandot County Auditor · OGRIP Ohio Statewide Parcels · Athens County subdivisions, town plats and additions (Athens County Auditor GIS) · Cincinnati Community Council Boundaries · Cincinnati Statistical Neighborhood Approximations (SNA), 2020 · Clark County recorded subdivision plats · Clermont County recorded subdivision plats · Cleveland Heights neighborhoods · Cleveland Statistical Planning Areas (SPAs) / neighborhoods · Columbus Communities · Columbus Community Planning Areas · Coshocton County subdivisions (recorded plats and town additions) · Dayton neighborhoods · Dublin Civic Associations · Franklin County recorded subdivision and condominium plats · Hamilton (Ohio) 17Strong neighborhoods · Lima neighborhood associations · Logan County subdivision and condominium plats · Madison County subdivisions (recorded plats) · Morgan County subdivision, addition and town plats · Muskingum County subdivision plats · Perry County subdivisions and town additions (recorded plat names on the county engineer's parcels) · Richland County subdivisions and condominiums (recorded plats, county GIS) · Sandusky neighborhoods · Stark County recorded allotment (subdivision) and condominium plats · Toledo neighborhood associations · Union County subdivision plats

Building permits

Mix

646 single-family houses, 0 units in buildings of five or more, 0 in duplexes and small buildings

Value

$99.6 million of construction at the value declared on the permits

By year

2016: 30, 2017: 70, 2018: 68, 2019: 64, 2020: 72, 2021: 79, 2022: 66, 2023: 62, 2024: 66, 2025: 69, 2026 through July: 43

Coverage

the survey row for a smaller local government in this ZIP (27% of residents); the largest does not report separately

Caveat

8 of the ten years had fewer than 12 months reported by the permit office; the Census Bureau estimates the missing months, so those counts are partly or wholly imputed

Survey counts are permits issued, not houses finished, and cover new residential construction only: additions, remodels, garages and commercial buildings are not in the survey. Values are the applicants' estimates. Where a city runs the building department for its township neighbours, the city's figure covers them too.

Source: Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, annual place files 2016 to 2025 (new privately owned residential units authorized), for the permit-issuing jurisdiction where most of this ZIP's residents live · Census building permits

Home prices

Five years

+61% from 2020 to 2025

Last year

+6% in 2025

Since 2000

prices stand at 2.3 times their 2000 level

Series

tracked since 1976

Zillow's typical home value here is $377K (2026-07), up 3% over the year, up 34% over five years and up 102% over ten. Typical asking rent $2,015 a month (2026-07), up 1% over the year.

On the market (Realtor.com, August 2026): median asking price $425,000 (up 2.2% in a year), $183 per square foot for a typical 2,239 sq ft listing; 109 active listings, 72 new this month; listings spend a median 36 days on the market (down 8% from a year earlier); 24% of listings have cut their price.

The index follows the same houses through repeat sales and refinance appraisals on conforming mortgages, so it measures price change rather than the price level (the Homes card has the median value). Consumer prices rose about 36% from 2015 to 2025, so a gain under 36% is a loss in real terms.

Source: Federal Housing Finance Agency House Price Index, annual five-digit ZIP all-transactions series (repeat sales and refinance appraisals of conforming-mortgage homes, developmental, not seasonally adjusted), latest release; Zillow Home Value Index (mid-tier, smoothed, seasonally adjusted) and Zillow Observed Rent Index by ZIP, Zillow Research · FHFA house price index · Zillow research data · Realtor.com data

Local taxes

Lakota Local 35% of residents

26.6 effective mills (68.4 gross); $1,862 a year on a $200,000 home. Operating 16.7, bonds 2.3, improvements 1.1, inside millage 6.5.

Fairfield City 30% of residents

24.2 effective mills (62.3 gross); $1,697 a year on a $200,000 home. Operating 15.7, bonds 1.5, improvements 0.3, inside millage 6.8.

Municipal income tax

Hamilton 2% (27% of residents); township residents outside a city or village pay none. Charged on wages and business profits where you work and, after credits, where you live.

School district income tax

Lakota Local none (35% of residents), Fairfield City none (29% of residents), Hamilton City none (27% of residents), Edgewood City none (4% of residents), New Miami Local 1% (3% of residents). Voted by the district and collected with the state income tax.

Sales tax

6.5% combined rate in Butler County: Ohio's 5.75% plus county and transit levies.

A mill is $1 per $1,000 of taxable value, and taxable value is 35% of market value. Effective rates fall as values rise because Ohio holds most voted levies to the dollars first approved. County, municipal or township, library, park and vocational-school levies are added on the same bill and are not counted here.

Source: Ohio Department of Taxation, Aggregate Property Tax Rates by School District, tax year 2025 (composite DTE 515); weighted by the share of this ZIP's residents in each district; The Finder rate tables for municipal, school district and sales taxes, September 2026 · Ohio tax data series · The Finder

Who delivers the electricity

• Duke Energy Ohio investor-owned71% of residentsDuke Energy Corporation
• City of Hamilton Electric System municipal27% of residentsHamilton, Butler County
• Butler Rural Electric Cooperative, Inc. co-op2% of residentsBuckeye Power, Inc.

Duke Energy Ohio outages, 2024: the average customer lost power for 321 minutes (103 minutes leaving out major storm days), about 1.0 interruption a year.

Duke Energy Ohio standard service offer price, 2024: 15 cents per kWh, about $133 a month for the average home, for the 294,084 residential customers who have not chosen a supplier; the other 399,351 pay Duke Energy Ohio 7.81 cents per kWh for delivery plus their supplier's price (EIA-861).

Duke Energy Ohio solar and meters, 2024: 5,586 customers run net-metered solar (62.2 MW, 5,334 of them homes); 100% of its 778,136 meters are two-way smart (AMI) meters, 0% drive-by automated reads (EIA-861).

City of Hamilton Electric System outages, 2024: the average customer lost power for 91 minutes (91 minutes leaving out major storm days), about 1.7 interruptions a year.

City of Hamilton Electric System residential price, 2024: 15.44 cents per kWh, about $120 a month for the average home across 26,964 residential customers (EIA-861).

City of Hamilton Electric System solar and meters, 2024: no net-metered solar customers reported; 0% of its 29,891 meters are two-way smart (AMI) meters, 100% drive-by automated reads (EIA-861).

Butler Rural Electric Cooperative, Inc. outages, 2024: the average customer lost power for 227 minutes (61 minutes leaving out major storm days), about 2.1 interruptions a year.

Butler Rural Electric Cooperative, Inc. residential price, 2024: 18.16 cents per kWh, about $241 a month for the average home across 11,374 residential customers (EIA-861).

Butler Rural Electric Cooperative, Inc. solar and meters, 2024: 155 customers run net-metered solar (1.7 MW, 153 of them homes); 100% of its 11,845 meters are two-way smart (AMI) meters (EIA-861).

Energy burden: households here spend an average 2.2% of income on electricity, gas and other fuels (about $2,161 a year against $100,303 of income); the 39% of households below 80% of the area median income spend 5.4%, and 15% of households fall in groups averaging 6% or more, the usual line for a high burden (DOE LEAD Tool, 2022 update, built from 2018 to 2022 survey data).

Source: PUCO certified territories via ODOT · HIFLD retail service territories (EIA Form 861) · 2020 census blocks · outage statistics from EIA-861 Reliability, 2024 with 2023 where a utility skipped a year (SAIDI and SAIFI, IEEE 1366) · residential prices from EIA-861 Sales to Ultimate Customers, net metering and advanced meters from the EIA-861 files of the same years · DOE LEAD Tool 2022 household energy burden by tract, apportioned into ZIPs by block population · PUCO electricity · ODOT territories service · EIA-861 · DOE LEAD Tool · HIFLD retail service territories

Natural gas here

58% of the 27,100 homes here heat with utility gas.

Utility gas 58%Electricity 36%Propane or LP 3%Oil, wood, other 4%

• Duke Energy Ohio regulated utility73% of residents, main companyDuke Energy Corporation
• City of Hamilton (Hamilton Gas and Water Department) municipal27% of residents, main companyMunicipal gas system

Pipes under the street: Duke Energy Ohio reported 6,116 miles of distribution main to PHMSA for 2025, 58% plastic and 0.0% cast iron or bare steel (the leak-prone materials); 1,532 hazardous leaks repaired in 2025.

PUCO lists 3 companies operating in Butler County: City of Hamilton (Hamilton Gas and Water Department), Duke Energy Ohio, Glenwood Energy of Oxford, Inc..

Source: PUCO gas distribution companies by county, April 2026 · federal (EIA) territory polygons, 2016 · Census ACS 2020 to 2024 heating fuel · PUCO natural gas · HIFLD

Power plants

Nearest plant of any size: Hamilton Peaking, 3.2 mi (gas, 29 MW).

8 plants within 10 miles totalling 1,727 MW: 6 gas (1,687 MW), 1 other (38 MW), 1 hydro (2 MW). Inside this ZIP: Hamilton (OH) (gas, 12 MW); Hamilton Hydro (hydro, 2 MW).

Capacity is net summer capacity in megawatts (EIA), not output; a solar farm's 200 MW runs a quarter of the hours a gas plant's would. Small peaking engines and landfill-gas units count as plants.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration Form 860 plant inventory via HIFLD (February 2025); USGS U.S. Wind Turbine Database and U.S. Large-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Database; NRC emergency planning zones around Perry and Davis-Besse (residents inside the roughly 10-mile zone counted by 2020 census block); straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center · EIA-860 · HIFLD · USGS wind turbines · USGS solar · NRC emergency planning zones

Gas transmission pipelines

9.7 miles of transmission pipe cross this ZIP: Texas Gas Transmission Co 6.5 mi, Texas Eastern Trans Co 3.2 mi.

Transmission lines run at hundreds of pounds of pressure and are inspected under federal rules; the distribution mains that actually feed homes are a separate, denser network not shown here. By mileage in this EIA layer Ohio's map is dominated by Columbia Gas Transmission and East Ohio Gas's intrastate lines; Texas Eastern and the Rover and Nexus lines built for Utica shale gas are among the other large interstate systems.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration Natural Gas Interstate and Intrastate Pipelines layer (data last updated July 2025, pulled September 2026), via the ArcGIS Online copy maintained by Esri's Federal User Community; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center; lengths clipped to the ZIP boundary in an equal-area projection · EIA U.S. Energy Atlas · ArcGIS Online item

Incumbent telephone company

• altafiber100% of residentsaltafiber (Cincinnati Bell)

Source: PUCO incumbent local exchange carrier service areas · 2020 census blocks · PUCO telephone

Internet

Served, 100/20 Mbps or better 100%Underserved, 25/3 to 100/20 0%Unserved, under 25/3 0%

Fiber reaches 89% of locations, cable 97%; a year earlier 100% were served.

Of 27,100 households, 84% subscribe to cable, fiber or DSL, 7% rely on a cellular plan only, and 6% have no internet at home.

Measured by Ookla speed tests, April to June 2025: typical fixed download 359.1 Mbps, upload 273.3 Mbps, 12 ms latency, across 3,590 tests from up to 1,004 devices in 308 map tiles.

Source: FCC Broadband Data Collection, June 2024 (availability) · Census ACS 2020 to 2024 (subscriptions) · Ookla Open Data, fixed-network speed tests by tile, 2025 Q2 (measured speeds) · FCC broadband map · Ookla open data · Census ACS

Cell signal

• AT&T4G 100% · 5G 100%
• T-Mobile4G 100% · 5G 100%
• Verizon4G 100% · 5G 84%

Registered towers: 27 antenna structures registered with the FCC inside this ZIP and 19 within 3 miles of its center; the tallest inside is a 347-foot tower. Only structures over 200 feet or near airports must register, so most cell sites on short poles, water towers and rooftops are not counted.

Measured mobile speeds (Ookla speed tests, April to June 2026): typical download 290.3 Mbps, upload 23.1 Mbps, latency 30 ms over 208 tests from up to 123 devices in 91 map tiles.

Coverage as the carriers report it to the FCC for outdoor use at a stationary spot, by land area rather than by residents; indoor signal and rural hollows can be worse.

Source: FCC Mobile Broadband Data Collection via Esri Living Atlas (layer last updated November 2025, i.e. the June 30, 2025 filing round), carrier-reported outdoor coverage by hexagon, summed over the ZIP's land; FCC Antenna Structure Registration database, September 2026; Ookla open data mobile tiles, 2026 Q2 · FCC broadband map · FCC antenna registration · Ookla open data

EV charging

9 public stations inside this ZIP with 16 Level 2 and 7 DC fast ports; the nearest of any kind is Tom Gill Buick GMC, 1.1 mi. 15 stations within 5 miles of the ZIP's population center, 6 with DC fast charging.

Networks here: ChargePoint (6), EV Connect (1), FLO (1), and 1 station on other networks.

Level 2 adds roughly 20 to 30 miles of range an hour; DC fast charging fills most cars in under an hour. Listings are operator-reported and lag new openings and closures.

Source: NREL Alternative Fuels Data Center via the U.S. DOT Bureau of Transportation Statistics (public, open electric stations, the posts at one site merged, restricted-access sites excluded), and chargers in neighbouring states near the border; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center; station list as of May 29, 2026 · Alternative Fuels Data Center · BTS Alternative Fueling Stations (NTAD)

Public transit

55 stops inside this ZIP: Butler County Regional Transit Authority (55).

Only fixed-route systems that publish a GTFS feed appear; dial-a-ride and demand-response services do not, and a handful of small fixed-route systems publish no feed at all. Half a mile is roughly a ten-minute walk.

Source: USDOT Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transit Map stops (National Transportation Atlas Database, 2025 vintage, fetched September 2026), plus the Springfield, Lancaster-Fairfield, Knox County Transit, WayGo and BGSU Shuttle GTFS feeds; share of 2020 census block population within half a mile of a stop · BTS National Transit Map · BTS transportation atlas · Springfield City Area Transit GTFS feed · Lancaster-Fairfield Public Transit GTFS feed · Knox County Transit GTFS feed · WayGo GTFS feed · BGSU Shuttle GTFS feed

Walkability

Street grid

57 intersections per square mile, a mix of grid and cul-de-sacs

Transit

28% of residents live in a block group whose population center is within three-quarters of a mile of a stop in the EPA's 2020 transit file, on average 529 metres away

Mix of uses

employment mix 0.48 and mix of homes and job types 0.50 on the EPA's 0 to 1 scales, where 1 is the most varied

Car-free households

5.3% of households have no vehicle (Census ACS 2020 to 2024)

The index scores every block group on intersection density, distance to transit and how mixed its jobs and homes are, then ranks them against the whole country. It measures the street pattern, not sidewalks, safety or hills.

Source: EPA National Walkability Index (Smart Location Database 3.0, 2021) by census block group, population-weighted to the ZIP through 2020 census blocks; car-free households from Census ACS 2020 to 2024 table B25044 (the Homes card), or, where that is missing, the Smart Location Database's own 2014 to 2018 share weighted by households · EPA walkability index · Smart Location Database · Census ACS

Rail crossings

33 with gates; railroads: CSX (23), Norfolk Southern (14). Busiest crossing: 42 trains a day reported; fastest line 60 mph.

Collisions: 37 crossing incidents reported to the FRA inside this ZIP since 2010 (4 killed, 15 injured), the latest in 2026; most at Butler Street in Hamilton (3) and Maple Avenue in Hamilton (3).

Train accidents: 9 rail equipment accidents inside this ZIP since 2010 (8 derailments); $1.5 million in damage. Latest: 2025, derailment (CSX Transportation); the most common cause here is dynamic brake, excessive (h010).

Butler County has logged 25 rail accidents since 2010, 20 of them derailments (FRA Form 54). Yard mishaps at walking speed dominate; main-line derailments are the rare, dangerous ones.

Train counts and speeds are the railroad's last inventory update. Crossings with only crossbucks rely on the driver; Ohio has averaged about 77 crossing collisions a year from 2010 to 2025 (FRA Form 57), between 64 and 87 in a year.

Source: Federal Railroad Administration, Grade Crossing Inventory (Form 71, current records); crossings whose point falls inside the ZIP boundary, closed crossings excluded; nearest crossing measured from the population-weighted center. Collisions are FRA Form 57 crossing incidents since 2010, placed by crossing id through the inventory's coordinates; train accidents are FRA Form 54 rail equipment accidents since 2010, placed by their own reported coordinates, counted one per incident rather than one per report (county totals from the same file). All three pulled from data.transportation.gov, September 2026 · FRA crossing inventory (Form 71, current) · FRA crossing incidents (Form 57) · FRA rail equipment accidents (Form 54) · FRA safety data · DOT open data

Bridges

Age

typical bridge built 1998, 7 built before 1950; oldest 1900, Fear Not Mills Roa over Mutton Run

Busiest

SR 129 over Mill Creek, 36,477 vehicles a day (2015 count)

Owners

county 28, state 26

Rated poor

SR 4 over Shaffer Creek (1957, 18,062 a day); Hamilton Mason over Mill Creek (1932, 7,397 a day) and 1 more

Ratings come from the inspection every bridge gets at least every two years; poor means deterioration that needs repair, not imminent danger. FHWA's file is a yearly snapshot with inspections through early 2025, so a bridge replaced, re-rated or closed since then still shows its old rating here; ODOT's TIMS bridge inventory carries the current one. Traffic figures are the average daily counts the bridge owners filed with the inventory; most Ohio counts date from 2015 and some are older. County engineers own most of Ohio's small bridges and ODOT the big ones.

Source: Federal Highway Administration, National Bridge Inventory 2025 (Ohio file); structures whose point falls inside the ZIP boundary; condition from NBI items 58, 59, 60 and 62 (deck, superstructure, substructure, culvert) · FHWA bridge inventory · ODOT TIMS bridge inventory (live)

Traffic

Trucks

2,315 a day on SR 129, 4% of its traffic

Driving

about 1.3M vehicle-miles a day on the 1,087 counted segments inside the ZIP; the typical segment carries 9,033 vehicles

Freeway volumes

7 segments carry 50,000 or more a day

Busiest local road

county road 115, 23,773 vehicles a day

Annual average daily traffic is both directions combined, averaged over the year. County, township and city roads are labelled by their route number, which ODOT uses instead of the street name. Most city streets have no count, so the busiest local road is the busiest counted one. Interchange ramps are left out of the busiest-road pick; a ZIP with nothing but ramps shows one labelled ramp and its ODOT number.

Road deaths: 27 people died in 26 crashes inside this ZIP in 2020 to 2024 (3 pedestrians, 6 motorcyclists); 2 involved a drinking driver and 12 happened in the dark; most on US-127 (8). That is 7.3 deaths a year per 100,000 residents against 10.6 across Ohio's ZIPs; deaths are counted where the crash happened, and many who die live elsewhere. (NHTSA FARS)

Source: ODOT traffic count segments, 2025 annual average daily traffic (ODOT TIMS); segments assigned to the ZIP holding their midpoint; NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System 2020 to 2024, crashes placed by their coordinates · ODOT TIMS traffic count segments · NHTSA FARS

Airports and trains

Nearest airfield

Butler County Regional / Hogan Field (HAO), Hamilton, 2.6 mi, public use

Amtrak

Cincinnati station, 19.9 mi

Ohio's Amtrak stops are on the Floridian (Amtrak has temporarily combined the Capitol Limited with the Silver Star), the Lake Shore Limited and the Cardinal, all overnight trains; Cincinnati's only calls three times a week. Amtrak's Thruway bus stops, Dayton-Trotwood among them, are not counted as stations here. Airline service at Toledo and Rickenbacker is limited to a few routes; Youngstown-Warren has had no airline flights since 2018.

Source: FAA airport facilities and Amtrak stations via USDOT BTS National Transportation Atlas; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center · BTS transportation atlas

Radon in this ZIP

39% of tests at or above EPA's 4 pCi/L action level · median 2.8 · highest 62.1

A ZIP average says nothing about one house; readings next door can differ tenfold. Test yours, and fix it at 4 pCi/L or more.

Source: odh.ohio.gov radon levels by ZIP code, tests since 2010, before mitigation · ODH radon program

Flood zones

9.7% of the ZIP's land is in that floodplain, and another 0.9% is in the 0.2% (500-year) zone; 0.2% of residents live in the 0.2% zone. Zones mapped here: AE, X (0.2%).

Design storms (NOAA Atlas 14): a 100-year storm here drops 5.6 inches in 24 hours (2.7 in a single hour, 4.2 in six); a 2-year storm 2.8, 10-year 3.9, 25-year 4.6, 500-year 6.8 inches in 24 hours. Storm sewers, culverts and detention ponds are sized from these numbers, and a "100-year" storm has a 1% chance every year.

Nearest river gauge: Great Miami River at Hamilton OH, 4.1 mi away, draining 3,630 square miles. Record flow 352,000 cubic feet a second at a stage of 38.5 ft on 1913-03-26; the highest since 2016 was 66,300 on 2020-03-20 (USGS, 109 annual peaks, 1907 to 2025).

132 federal flood insurance policies are in force in this ZIP, covering $22 million of buildings; 65% of them are in a mapped high-risk zone; the typical policy costs $1,068 a year (about 1% of households).

58 federal flood insurance claims from this ZIP since 1978, 14 since 2010, paying about $437,838 in all; the worst year was 2004 with 12 claims; 36% of claims came from outside the mapped high-risk zone.

Levees: 7 levee or floodwall segments totalling 2.2 miles cross this ZIP (Haml2, Haml4, Haml5), holding back Great Miami River. 7 segments are accredited by FEMA, so the map treats the land behind them as protected from the 1% flood.

Community status: Hamilton takes part in the National Flood Insurance Program; flood map effective 10/19/18. Butler County's unincorporated areas take part in the National Flood Insurance Program; flood map effective 10/19/18.

Lenders require flood insurance on mortgaged homes in the 1% zone (zones A and AE). Block centers understate narrow floodplains in rural areas, so check the FEMA map for a specific address.

Source: FEMA National Flood Hazard Layer (effective flood insurance rate maps, levee centerlines) · 2020 census block centers · ZIP land area by polygon overlay, open water excluded; NOAA Atlas 14 precipitation frequency at the ZIP center; USGS NWIS annual peak flows; OpenFEMA NFIP policies in force by reported ZIP as of September 2026, NFIP redacted claims and the Community Status Book · FEMA flood hazard layer · FEMA Map Service Center · OpenFEMA · NOAA Atlas 14 · USGS stream gauges

Natural hazard risk

• Tornado87
• Cold wave82

FEMA's expected annual loss here from all hazards: $24 million a year in buildings, crops and lives.

The index blends how often a hazard strikes, what it would cost, and how vulnerable and resilient the community is. Inland flooding (rivers and heavy rain) scores 61, tornado 87, winter weather 70.

Source: FEMA National Risk Index, census tracts, December 2025 release, weighted to this ZIP by 2020 block population · FEMA National Risk Index · NRI census tract layer (ArcGIS)

Climate

Temperature

53.8°F average; typical January low 22°, July high 87°

Hot and cold days

28 days a year reach 90°F; 115 nights fall below freezing, 4 below 0°F; 21 days never climb above freezing

Rain and snow

41.4 inches of precipitation on 81 days with a tenth of an inch or more; 10 inches of snow on 3 days with an inch or more, snow on the ground 12 days

Degree days

5,111 heating, 1,067 cooling (base 65°F): the higher the heating number, the bigger the winter gas bill

Drought (U.S. Drought Monitor): since 2020 Butler County has spent 28 weeks in moderate drought or worse, 2 of them severe or worse (most recently 2 weeks in 2024), and 73 weeks at least abnormally dry. The worst since 2000 was extreme drought in 2024/09; 7% of all weeks since 2000 were in drought. As of 2026-09-01: no drought.

Long run (NOAA, Butler County): the average year ran 53.8 °F over 1996 to 2025 against 51.8 °F over 1901 to 1930, 2.0 °F warmer (1.8 °F warmer than 1951 to 1980); the warmest year on record was 2024 at 56.5 °F, and 2025 came in at 53.9 °F. Precipitation averaged 43.9 inches a year lately against 40.5 a century ago, 8% more; the wettest year was 2011 with 61.4 inches, and 2025 brought 43.3. More rain in bigger bursts is what strains storm sewers and septic fields.

Stations: Hamilton Butler Co Regional Airport (2.7 mi, temperature and precipitation); Middletown (9.6 mi, snowfall; 13 years of snowfall record). Normals are thirty-year averages, so a single winter can run far above or below them; NOAA marks this snowfall normal provisional because the station record is too short or too patchy for a standard normal, and the temperature and precipitation figures here skip stations with under 10 years.

Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, U.S. Climate Normals 1991-2020 (annual/seasonal and monthly); nearest reporting station to the ZIP's population-weighted center for each element; U.S. Drought Monitor county statistics · NOAA climate normals · NOAA climate at a glance · U.S. Drought Monitor

Air quality

Worst days

98th-percentile day 16.1 µg/m³ (24-hour standard 35)

Ozone

70 ppb, 4th-highest daily 8-hour reading at Crawford Woods, 2.5 mi away (standard 70)

Butler County AQI, 2025

121 good days, 239 moderate, 5 unhealthy for sensitive groups or worse of the 365 days indexed; peak 151, median 55

Butler County AQI, 2026 so far

46 good days, 74 moderate and 0 unhealthy for sensitive groups or worse in the 120 days indexed through April 30; peak 93 (Ozone)

Air toxics

30 in a million lifetime cancer risk from outdoor air toxics across Butler County (EPA AirToxScreen 2020), mostly formaldehyde (19) and carbon tetrachloride (3)

Permitted sources

21 permitted air sources inside this ZIP under the Clean Air Act (1 major, Title V), 2 synthetic minor; 1 had a violation in the last 3 years. Notable: National Resilience, Inc (major, 1 violation quarter). EPA classes this area as ozone nonattainment or maintenance (22 permanently closed sources also on file) (EPA ECHO)

Air standards

Butler County is a maintenance area for ozone (2008) (Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN, redesignated 2016), ozone (2015) (Cincinnati, OH-KY, redesignated 2022), fine particulate (1997) (Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN, redesignated 2017), meaning it once failed that standard and must keep a plan to stay clean (EPA Green Book)

Ohio has 38 PM2.5 monitors, mostly in cities and near industry, so a rural ZIP borrows a reading from far away. 2025 includes Canadian wildfire smoke days. Air-toxics risk is EPA's modelled lifetime estimate for the county as a whole; EPA's national average is about 30 in a million, and formaldehyde, with the globally mixed carbon tetrachloride background and acetaldehyde, makes up most of it.

Source: EPA Air Quality System, 2025 annual summary files (monitor annual concentrations, county AQI) and the 2026 daily county AQI file; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center to the nearest monitor · EPA air data files · EPA AirToxScreen · EPA Green Book · EPA ECHO

Toxic and Superfund sites

20 facilities have reported toxic chemical releases or transfers to EPA's inventory from inside this ZIP, and 5 sites appear in the Superfund program's list (most assessed and never listed).

372 EPA-registered facilities of all kinds in this ZIP: 8 brownfield sites in the cleanup program (Estate Stove, Hamilton Urban Garden Systems, Mohawk Paper, Former), 152 hazardous-waste handlers, 45 with air permits, 46 with water discharge permits.

Nearest landfill: Bobmeyer Road Sanitary Landfill, 2.9 mi from the center, municipal solid waste landfill (closed); 1 landfill site within 3 miles of the population center, 1 inside this ZIP. Ohio EPA's list includes closed and historic dumps.

State cleanup program: 14 sites inside this ZIP (1550 Grand Blvd Redev Hamilton; 550 N 3rd St Redevelopment Hamilton; ARMCO Inc Hamilton Plt and more), 7 within 3 miles of the population center; the nearest is Brentwood Estates, 0.9 mi from the center, remedial response.

Voluntary cleanups: 7 properties inside this ZIP hold an Ohio EPA covenant not to sue after a Voluntary Action Program cleanup; 3 such properties within 3 miles of the population center, nearest 1550 Grand Blvd Redev Hamilton, 2.9 mi. These are former industrial and commercial sites certified clean enough to reuse.

Solid waste: 2 licensed waste facilities inside this ZIP (1 transfer station, 1 scrap tire site); nearest Hamilton Transfer Facility (transfer station), 3.3 mi from the center; 2 within 5 miles of the center (Ohio EPA licences, 2026). Compost sites and transfer stations are where most of a county's trash and yard waste actually goes.

Hazardous waste (EPA ECHO): 59 active RCRA handlers inside this ZIP; 2 had a violation in the last 3 years. Notable: Santana's Auto Repair (3 violation quarters); Redemption Auto Tech LLC (1 violation quarter). Nearest treatment, storage or disposal facility: USA Lamp and Ballast Recycling Inc in Cincinnati, 13.6 mi. Handlers include every business that generates hazardous waste, from body shops to chemical plants.

Underground tanks: 18 sites with 56 registered underground storage tanks in use (252 more tanks closed over the years); 147 leaking-tank releases on record, 5 open at the time, 13 inside a drinking-water source protection area; 9 reported since 2015, the latest in 2018 (EPA UST Finder, Ohio records as of 2018-2019).

Drop-off sites: the nearest scrap tire drop-off is Tire Discounters - Bridgewater Falls, Hamilton OH 45011, 0.8 mi away (2 inside this ZIP); the nearest household battery drop-off is The Home Depot, Fairfield Township, 0.7 mi away (2 inside this ZIP) (Ohio EPA).

The inventory covers larger manufacturers and federal facilities that use listed chemicals; reporting means use or release, not a measured hazard to neighbours. Superfund status: on, proposed for, or deleted from the list after cleanup.

Source: EPA Facility Registry Service, Superfund (SEMS and NPL) sites and Toxics Release Inventory reporters, points inside the ZIP boundary; distance from the ZIP's population-weighted center · EPA Facility Registry · EPA Superfund sites · Ohio EPA cleanup sites · EPA UST Finder · EPA ECHO

Toxic releases

Where it went

0 lb to the air, 0 lb to surface water, 0 lb to land or underground injection; another 10,720 lb was shipped off site for disposal or release

Chemicals

Zinc compounds under 1 lb

Facilities

Iwata Bolt Usa Inc (Fabricated Metals): 0 lb; Molson Coors Usa Llc - Trenton Brewery (Beverages): 0 lb; Koch Foods Of Fairfield (Food): 0 lb

Trend

71,983 lb on site in 2020, so down 100% over four years

Pounds are what facilities report, not what reaches anyone: a ton of ammonia to the air and an ounce of mercury to a river are not the same risk. Off-site transfers go mostly to landfills and treatment plants elsewhere.

Source: EPA Toxics Release Inventory, basic data files for Ohio, reporting years 2020 to 2024 (2024 shown); facilities placed by their coordinates; dioxin rows reported in grams are left out of the pound totals · EPA TRI data files

Dams

Nearest high-hazard dam: Stonegate Pond Dam, 5 mi, condition fair (recreation, 21 ft high, 36 acre-feet, built 1985, on Tributary, private owned).

Inside this ZIP: 1 dam, 0 high-hazard, 0 rated poor: Hamilton Small Diversion (low hazard, condition satisfactory).

"High hazard" describes what a failure would do downstream, not the dam's shape; Ohio rates more than a third of its inventoried dams in poor condition, mostly small private lake dams. Emergency action plans are required for high-hazard dams.

Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Inventory of Dams (August 2026 release); straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center. Condition assessments come from Ohio's dam safety program. · National Inventory of Dams

Disasters on record

Strongest nearby: F3 on 1969-05-10, 54.5 mi track (25 injured).

17 federal declarations for Butler County since Ohio's first in 1956 (12 major disasters): flood 5, severe storm 5, biological 2. Latest: Covid-19 Pandemic (2020).

1 earthquake of magnitude 2 or more within 25 miles since 1970, the largest M2.3 4 km E of Carlisle, Ohio in 2025.

Warnings since 2015 (National Weather Service, Butler County): 22 tornado warnings (2016: 1, 2017: 1, 2019: 1, 2021: 1, 2023: 2, 2024: 7, 2025: 3, 2026: 6), 199 severe thunderstorm warnings, 48 flash flood warnings, 53 flood warnings and 181 flood advisories, 17 winter storm or blizzard warnings, 47 heat warnings or advisories, 5 extreme cold or wind chill warnings, 1 snow squall warning; 1,164 products in all.

Mitigation grants (FEMA): 5 hazard mitigation projects in Butler County since 2000, worth $2.7 million ($2.1 million federal), covering 15 properties; mostly property buyouts, mitigation planning, generators. Largest: property buyouts for Fairfield, $2.1 million (fiscal 2009).

Mitigated properties: FEMA money has treated 4 properties in this ZIP between 2011 and 2020: 3 safe rooms built, 1 bought out and demolished; $6,000 paid. Buyouts turn repeatedly flooded lots into permanent open space.

Disaster aid to households: 47 households in this ZIP registered with FEMA after 1 declared disaster; 38 were approved for $249,788 of housing and other-needs help. Registrations by event: COVID-19 pandemic (2020): 47.

182 severe weather reports for Butler County since 2016 in NOAA's Storm Events log: 82 damaging thunderstorm wind, 38 hail, 32 flash floods, 20 river and street flooding. Largest hail 2 in (Feb 27, 2023); strongest measured gust 68 mph (Jun 13, 2022); about $1.9 million in reported damage, the costliest being tornadoes on Feb 27, 2023 ($500K). Zone-wide advisories add 43 winter weather, 15 winter storms, 6 high wind.

Tornado tracks are straight lines from touchdown to lift-off; a near miss counts, a direct hit is not distinguished. Declarations include the 2020 COVID-19 emergency for every county; the latest, declared 2 May 2024 (DR-4777), covers the 14 March 2024 tornadoes in eleven counties, Indian Lake among them.

Source: NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database 1950-2025; OpenFEMA disaster declarations summaries; USGS earthquake catalog (M2+, 1970 to date); NOAA Storm Events database 2016 to 2026 by county. Distances from the ZIP's population-weighted center. · NOAA SPC tornado data · OpenFEMA · USGS earthquakes · NOAA storm events · IEM warning archive

Spills and releases

What spilled

diesel and fuel oil (12), unidentified material or sheen (8), oils and hydraulic fluid (7)

Largest

about 323 gallons of fuel oil/ home heating / heating oil in 2022, Liberty Twp

Reached water

5 of them reached a creek, river, ditch or storm drain (named or unnamed)

By year

2021: 11, 2022: 6, 2023: 5, 2024: 0, 2025: 6, 2026: 5

Anyone who spills more than a reportable quantity must call Ohio EPA within 30 minutes, so the log mixes a few gallons of diesel on a highway shoulder with real releases; the reported volume is the caller's first estimate. Every report in Ohio EPA's open-data layer carries coordinates; air-pollution complaints and calls where nothing was found are left out of this count.

Source: Ohio EPA Emergency Response spill reports (Spills2 open data), reports with coordinates inside the ZIP boundary, 2021 to date · Ohio EPA spills data · Ohio EPA Office of Emergency Response

Oil and gas wells

Status

0 producing, 2 plugged or abandoned, the rest drilled but idle, gas storage, orphan, expired permits or unknown

Ohio has drilled since 1860, so most wells here are old, shallow and plugged; unplugged orphans and injection wells are the ones that matter for groundwater. Well-head points can be a few hundred feet off for the oldest records.

Source: Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Oil and Gas Resources Management, public well inventory (well-head points); counts inside the ZIP boundary and within 1 mile of the ZIP's population-weighted center · ODNR oil and gas · ODNR GIS services

Abandoned mines

Undermined land can subside and old workings can discharge acid mine water; ODNR's Abandoned Mine Land program funds repairs, and mine-subsidence insurance is included automatically in 26 eastern counties and offered as an option in 11 more. Maps drawn before 1977 are incomplete, so "none" means none mapped.

Quarries, pits and working mines: nearest Bill D. Colwell Gravel (sand & gravel, Colwell, Bill D., 410 tons sold), 4 mi away in Butler County; 0 within 3 miles, 7 within 10 (ODNR Industrial Minerals Locations, 2015, which includes surface and underground coal mines).

Source: Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Mines of Ohio (abandoned underground mine maps, coal and industrial minerals, pre-1977), overlaid on the ZIP boundary in an equal-area projection · ODNR mines of Ohio · ODNR Geological Survey

Soils and septic

Soil

Dana-Urban land complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes; Dana makes up 50% of the unit, 3% slope

Water

moderately well drained; flooding none, ponding none

Septic

Not limited for a leach field under Ohio's rule (very limited under the national rule)

Basements

Somewhat limited for dwellings with basements

Farmland

Not prime farmland

Elevation

738 feet above sea level at the ZIP's population center; Ohio runs from 455 feet where the Ohio River leaves the state to 1,549 feet at Campbell Hill

One point stands for the ZIP; soils change field by field, and a site evaluation is what the health department goes by. "Very limited" means the standard design will not work, not that nothing will.

Source: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, SSURGO soil survey via Soil Data Access; the map unit at the ZIP's population-weighted center and its dominant component's interpretations; Copernicus GLO-90 elevation model (via Open-Meteo) at that center · USDA Soil Data Access · Web Soil Survey · Open-Meteo elevation

Parks and public land

Rentschler Forest Preserve

local park, 220 acres inside the ZIP

Antenen Nature Preserve

local conservation area, 59 acres inside the ZIP

Nearest state park: Hueston Woods State Park, 16.5 mi.

Protected land: 1.7% of this ZIP (659 acres) is in the USGS Protected Areas Database inventory of fee-owned parks, preserves and recreation land (public agencies, land trusts, and private clubs, camps and utility land, as their owners report it): 627 acres local, 17 acres private, 15 acres district. Largest: Rentschler Forest Preserve (county), 220 acres; Antenen Nature Preserve (county), 59 acres; Crawford Woods (city), 54 acres. 2% of the ZIP is protected land open to the public.

Trails: 13.9 miles of named trails cross this ZIP: Great Miami River Recreation Trail, Route 25 (10.1 mi, regional trail); Miami to Miami Trail (3.8 mi, regional trail); 15.2 miles more are proposed or planned. 3.6 miles of state bike route A run through it (ODNR statewide trails inventory).

Open access as reported by each owner; local inventories vary, so a golf course or school field can be listed and a new park missed.

State lands nearby (ODNR facility layers): nearest boat ramp: Boat Ramp at Hueston Woods State Park, 19.1 mi (0 within 5 miles); fishing access: Fishing Access at Little Miami State Scenic River, 14.1 mi (0 within 5 miles); swim area: Boat Swim Area at Caesar Creek State Park, 25.9 mi (0 within 5 miles); campground: Campground/Campsite at Hueston Woods State Park, 19.6 mi (0 within 5 miles).

Source: USGS Protected Areas Database of the United States 4.1 (open-access fee, designation and easement polygons), overlaid on the ZIP boundary; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center to the nearest ODNR state park · USGS PAD-US · ODNR GIS services

Wetlands

258 acres pond, 67 acres forested/shrub wetland, 67 acres emergent wetland. Largest single wetland: 20 acres of freshwater emergent wetland.

Vernal pools: 1 potential high-quality vernal pool covering 0.4 acres lies inside this ZIP (Ohio EPA screening): seasonal woodland pools that dry by summer, hold no fish, and are where salamanders and fairy shrimp breed.

High-quality wetlands: nearest is Pater WA (Ohio DNR), 7 acres, 13 mi away; 0 within 10 miles.

Mitigation sites: 2 stream or wetland mitigation sites inside this ZIP; nearest Liberty Town Square, 4.2 mi away (a permittee-responsible site under an environmental covenant); 6 within 10 miles. These are wetlands and streams built or restored to replace ones filled under Clean Water Act permits.

Assessed wetland: nearest Sydney's Bend, a mitigation wetland, 19.9 mi away: no ORAM score, plant community index 39 of 100 (surveyed 2007); 0 within 10 miles. Category 3 wetlands are the state's best and hardest to fill; category 1 are degraded.

Mapped from aerial photography, mostly 2004 to 2007 (the Lake Erie watersheds were re-mapped from 2021 imagery, a few areas date from 1976 to 2005 or 2014 to 2023), so small and seasonal wetlands are undercounted and ponds dug or filled since then are missing; a site delineation decides whether a lot is jurisdictional. Emergent means marsh, forested and shrub means swamp.

Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wetlands Inventory (Ohio geodatabase), freshwater wetland and pond polygons clipped to the ZIP boundary; lakes and river channels excluded, imagery mostly 2004 to 2007 (Lake Erie basin 2021) · USFWS wetlands inventory · Ohio EPA GIS services

Land cover

Developed

49%: 5% high intensity (downtown blocks, big-box lots), 11% medium (apartments, small-lot houses), 17% low (houses on larger lots), 16% open space (lawns, parks, golf courses, road verges)

Farmland

38%: 18% row crops, 20% pasture and hay

Crops 2025

of 8,032 cropped acres, 49% soybeans, 39% corn, 1% wheat and small grains, 6% hay and alfalfa, 5% vegetables, orchards, fallow and other crops; 5,706 acres of pasture and grass (USDA Cropland Data Layer)

Forest

11%

Water and wetland

1.7% open water, 0.3% wetland

Paved and roofed

18% of the ZIP's surface is impervious; rain that lands there runs straight to a storm drain or stream instead of soaking in

Tree canopy

14% of the ZIP sits under tree canopy

Area

60.1 square miles of land

Land cover is classified from Landsat imagery at 30 metre pixels, so a house on a wooded lot can read as forest and a farm lane as open space. Stream health starts to slip once about 10% of a watershed is impervious, and is usually poor above 25%.

Source: National Land Cover Database 2021 (USGS and the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium): land cover, percent impervious surface and tree canopy at 30 m, summarised over the ZIP boundary · NLCD · USDA Cropland Data Layer · ODNR pre-settlement vegetation

People

Education

33.6% of adults 25+ hold a bachelor's degree or higher, 12% a graduate degree; 39.7% stopped at high school or earlier

Ages

24.9% under 18, 13.1% 65 or older

Race and origin

66.2% white, 13% Black, 10.9% Hispanic or Latino, 3.8% Asian, 6% other or two or more races

Born abroad

10.3% of residents (7,839 people); largest countries of birth: Mexico (1,709), Vietnam (580), India (392)

Veterans

5.3% of adults

Households

2.7 people per household on average; 24% of households are one person living alone, 55% married couples

Who lives here

36% of households include children, 27% someone 65 or over and 9.4% are a senior living alone; of people 15 and over, 54% are married, 32% never married, 10% divorced and 5% widowed

Poverty

12.9% of residents live below the poverty line, 17.5% of children and 7.1% of people 65 and over; the Gini index of income inequality is 0.44 (0 would mean every household earns the same, 1 that one household earns everything). County-wide, the Census Bureau's 2024 estimate is 13.0% (15.5% of children) with a median household income of $80,560 (SAIPE)

Ancestry

most often reported: German 21%, English 9%, Irish 9%

Movers

10.1% of residents lived somewhere else a year earlier, 1.1% in another state and 0.4% abroad

Language

3.2% of households speak limited English; 7.6% speak Spanish at home

Group quarters

1,786 of the 73,596 people counted here in 2020 (2.4%) lived in group quarters: 1,012 in prisons and jails, 438 in nursing facilities, 317 in other group housing such as shelters, group homes and worker dormitories, 19 in juvenile facilities (2020 Census)

Moving

16,831 people moved into Butler County between the returns they filed in 2022 and 2023 and 16,455 moved out (net +376, 301,578 stayed put); most arrivals came from Hamilton, OH (5,632), Warren, OH (2,317), Montgomery, OH (931); most leavers went to Hamilton, OH (4,535), Warren, OH (2,693), Montgomery, OH (1,216) (IRS)

Metro or rural

USDA rural-urban continuum code 1 of 9 for Butler County: metro - counties in metro areas of 1 million population or more

Nonprofits

392 tax-exempt organizations registered to addresses in this ZIP, 36 of them reporting $1 million or more in income; 89% are 501(c)(3) charities and 23% churches or religious groups; largest: Hamilton Community Foundation Inc ($66 million), Butler County Community Health Consortium ($59 million), Colonial Senior Services Inc ($52 million) (IRS)

County growth

Butler County went from 390,345 people in April 2020 to 400,128 in July 2025 (+2.5%): 21,263 births, 19,801 deaths and a net +8,224 from migration since 2020; in 2025 alone a net 82 moved in from elsewhere in the U.S. and 1,711 arrived from abroad (Census estimates)

Since 1900

First counted in 1810 with 11,150 people, Butler County counted 56,870 people in 1900, 147,203 in 1950, 226,207 in 1970, 332,341 in 2000 and 390,345 in 2020; it has never been larger than today (7.0 times its 1900 size, decennial censuses)

Commuting area: USDA classes this ZIP as the core of a metropolitan area (rural-urban commuting area code 1 of 10, 2020 edition).

Race shares follow the Census categories, with Hispanic origin counted separately from race. Five-year averages centered on 2022. Moves count people on tax returns whose address changed county, so students and the very poor are undercounted.

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020 to 2024 five-year estimates by ZIP Code Tabulation Area (tables B15003, B03002, B05002, B21001, B01001, B25010, B11001, B17001, B19083, B04006, B07003, C16002, B05006, B11005, B11007, B12001); county population estimates, vintage 2025; IRS exempt organization master file; USDA rural-urban continuum codes 2023; USDA ERS rural-urban commuting area codes 2020; 2020 Census PL 94-171 redistricting file, group quarters (table P5); IRS Statistics of Income county migration, returns filed in 2022 and 2023; Census SAIPE 2024 county poverty and median income; decennial county counts from the Census Bureau report Population of States and Counties of the United States 1790 to 1990 · Census ACS · Census population estimates · IRS migration data · USDA ERS county codes · USDA ERS commuting area codes · 2020 Census redistricting data · Census SAIPE · IRS exempt organizations

Jobs and commuting

Largest employers by sector: Manufacturing 4,369, Health care and social assistance 3,176, Retail 2,826. 56% of local jobs pay over $3,333 a month, and 57% of residents' jobs do.

Businesses: 1,188 establishments with 20,299 employees and $1.1 billion a year in payroll in 2023, 30 of them with 100 or more workers; most common: retail (175), other services (131), health care and social assistance (126), restaurants and hotels (116) (ZIP Business Patterns).

Workplace safety (OSHA): 145 inspections of workplaces in this ZIP since 2020 (16 after deaths or injury reports, 21 after complaints, 58 planned, 23 on referrals); most inspected: H Gonzalez Construction Llc (3), Telesforo Duenas (2), Takumi Stamping Inc. (2). 3 worker deaths investigated since 2015 and 4 hospitalisations: 2021, employee is struck and killed by motor vehicle in traffic co; 2019, employee is caught by flash fire and is killed; five others.

County labor market: Butler County's unemployment rate was 3.6% in July 2026 (5.0% a year earlier), with 198,657 people in the labor force and 7,207 looking for work. Employers in the county paid an average of $1,405 a week in the first quarter of 2026 (up 1.8% on the year) to 163,937 workers at 9,216 establishments, employment up 0.5%; the largest private sectors are manufacturing (26,095 jobs, $2,197 a week), health care and social assistance (21,025 jobs, $1,225 a week), restaurants and hotels (17,355 jobs, $439 a week). (BLS)

Working-age residents: 66.2% of people 16 and over here are in the labor force, and 4.3% of the civilian labor force was unemployed, averaged over 2020 to 2024 (Census ACS). Residents' most common occupations: management and business 18%, office and administrative support 10%, education, legal, community service and arts 9%; 7% are self-employed and 11% work for a government.

Federal money: in fiscal 2025 the federal government obligated $496 million in contracts performed in Butler County ($1,269 a resident) and $693 million in grants ($1,775 a resident), plus $925,000 in loan guarantees and loans and $2.1 billion in direct payments to people and organizations (USAspending; Social Security, Medicare and most benefits are not counted).

County economy: Butler County produced $23.1 billion of real GDP in 2024 (2017 dollars, up 4.7% since 2019); personal income came to $60,037 a person in 2024, 30th of Ohio's 88 counties and up 23% since 2019 before inflation (BEA).

County type (USDA ERS, 2015 codes): Butler County is a metro county with a nonspecialized economy, with none of the ERS distress flags.

Opportunity zone: 4% of residents live in a census tract designated a federal Qualified Opportunity Zone in 2018, where investors who put capital gains into local projects get tax breaks (CDFI Fund list, 2010 tracts carried to 2020 boundaries).

How they get there: 73.4% drive alone, 8.3% carpool, 0.3% transit, 0.9% walk, 0% bike, 16.4% work from home (ACS).

Where residents work: 11% inside this ZIP; 10% in West Chester (45069), 9% in Fairfield (45014), 5% in Cincinnati (45241) (shares of the 33,328 residents with an Ohio workplace).

Unemployment-insurance records tie each job to a workplace and a home address; large employers sometimes report every worker at a headquarters, which inflates a few ZIPs. Self-employment, the military, the Postal Service, most farm work and a large part of federal civilian employment are missing (federal jobs come from OPM records that omit several agencies and, in practice, most of Wright-Patterson).

Source: Census Bureau LEHD Origin-Destination Employment Statistics (LODES 8), 2023, all jobs; populated census blocks assigned to ZIP Code Tabulation Areas by interior point, workplace-only blocks by the majority ZCTA of their block group or tract; Census ZIP Code Business Patterns 2023; OSHA enforcement data via the Labor Department open data catalog; BLS county unemployment (LAUS) and wages (QCEW); Census ACS 2020 to 2024 labor force by ZIP Code Tabulation Area (B23025); USAspending federal awards by county, fiscal 2025; BEA county GDP and personal income · Census LEHD · BLS local unemployment · BLS QCEW · BEA county GDP · USAspending · OSHA enforcement data · Census ZIP Business Patterns · Census ACS · USDA ERS county typology · CDFI Fund Opportunity Zones

Upward mobility

Meaning

below the Ohio median: low-income children here mostly stayed in the lower half

Incarceration

4.78% of those children were in jail or prison on census day 2010

Coverage

52% of the ZIP's residents live in tracts with an estimate

The rank describes people born around 1980 who were children here in the 1980s and 1990s; neighbourhoods change, so it is a record of what the place did for one generation, not a forecast. Estimates for small tracts are noisy.

Source: Opportunity Atlas tract outcomes (Chetty, Friedman, Hendren, Jones and Porter, 2018; Census Bureau and IRS data for children born 1978 to 1983), population-weighted to ZIPs through 2020 census blocks · Opportunity Atlas · Opportunity Insights data

Social vulnerability

Socioeconomic status

44th percentile: poverty, unemployment, housing cost burden, no high school diploma, no health insurance

Household characteristics

50th: people 65 and over or 17 and under, disability, single-parent households, limited English

Racial and ethnic minority status

63rd

Housing and transportation

40th: multi-unit and mobile homes, crowding, no vehicle, group quarters

The index ranks tracts on how much help their residents would need in a disaster or disease outbreak, using American Community Survey 2018 to 2022 figures. Ranks are within Ohio; a ZIP is the average of its tracts weighted by residents.

Source: CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index 2022, census tracts ranked among Ohio tracts, population-weighted to the ZIP through 2020 census blocks · CDC/ATSDR SVI

Community health

Weight and activity

obesity 41.0%, no leisure-time physical activity 29.3%

Chronic conditions

diabetes 13.0%, high blood pressure 35.8%, COPD 7.6%, cancer (any but non-melanoma skin cancer) 7.6%

Habits

current smoking 16.5%, binge drinking 18.0%, short sleep 38.8%

Mind

depression 25.6%, frequent mental distress 18.2%, feeling lonely 35.9%

Access

uninsured under 65 9.7%, yearly checkup 80.1%, dental visit 60.6%

Hardship

any disability 27.9%, food insecurity 17.0%

Heart and lungs

current asthma 11.0%, coronary heart disease 6.4%, stroke 3.3%, arthritis 27.3%

Keeping up

76.8% of adults with high blood pressure take medicine for it, 85.2% had a cholesterol check in 5 years

Social needs

housing insecurity 13.6%, no reliable transportation 9.1%, utility shut-off threat 10.0%, lacking emotional support 22.7%

Provider shortage

38% live in an area HRSA designates a primary care shortage area for its low-income residents (score 18 of 25); 38% live in an area HRSA designates a dental shortage area for its low-income residents (score 18 of 26); none for mental health (HRSA; higher scores mean greater need)

Coverage (Census)

6.8% of residents have no health insurance (5.0% of children); 15% are on Medicaid and 60% have coverage through an employer

Disability (Census)

12.2% of residents report a disability, 33% of those 65 and over

County (County Health Rankings 2025): Butler County sits in health group 4 of 10 among U.S. counties for population health (1 is healthiest) and group 4 for community conditions. Premature death 9,596 (Ohio 9,740) years of life lost before 75 per 100,000; one primary care doctor for every 1,922 people (Ohio 1,328), one mental health provider for every 344 people (Ohio 286), one dentist for every 1,913 people (Ohio 1,535); preventable hospital stays 3,574 (Ohio 3,033) per 100,000 Medicare enrollees; injury deaths 95.1 (Ohio 100.7) and suicides 13.5 (Ohio 14.7) per 100,000; infant deaths 6.9 (Ohio 7.0) per 1,000 births; teen births 14.8 (Ohio 17.4) per 1,000 girls 15 to 19; children in poverty 13.3 (Ohio 17.5) percent; fine-particle air pollution 10.4 (Ohio 7.8) micrograms per cubic metre; no community water system in the county had a health-based drinking water violation in 2023. Drug overdoses: 96 deaths in the 12 months ending December 2025 (96 a year earlier, 214 at the highest since 2020, in the 12 months ending April 2021), about 24.4 per 100,000 residents against 20.8 statewide (CDC provisional counts).

Cancer (NCI State Cancer Profiles): Butler County records 470 new cancers a year per 100,000 people, age-adjusted, for 2018 to 2022 (Ohio 472.9, U.S. 448.6), about 2,124 cases a year, with the rate stable; cancer deaths 158.1 per 100,000 (Ohio 160.3, U.S. 145.4), falling. By site, per 100,000 (Ohio in parentheses): lung 64.4 (63.6), colorectal 40.8 (38.4), female breast 139.9 (133), prostate 107.5 (120.8), bladder 21.4 (21.8), leukemia 13.5 (13).

Medicare: 75,053 people in Butler County were on Medicare in 2025 (19% of residents): 66,671 aged 65 or over and 8,382 younger people with disabilities. 56% chose a Medicare Advantage plan, 15% also had Medicaid and 84% had Part D drug coverage; enrollment is up 10% since 2020 (CMS).

Modelled from a national telephone survey and the ZIP's demographics, so these are estimates of what residents would report, not counts of patients; small ZIPs carry wide margins.

Source: CDC PLACES, 2025 release (BRFSS 2023 and 2022, ACS 2019-2023), model-based ZCTA estimates of crude adult prevalence; County Health Rankings 2025 and CDC provisional overdose counts for the county; HRSA shortage area designations weighted to the ZIP; Census ACS 2020 to 2024 (insurance, disability); CMS Medicare Monthly Enrollment, county, 2025 · CDC PLACES · County Health Rankings · CDC overdose data · NCI cancer profiles · HRSA data

Life expectancy

Ohio's statewide figure for the same years was 77.6; the United States 78.7. Differences of a year or two between neighbouring ZIPs are within the estimates' error; differences of five or more are real and track income, smoking and access to care.

Source: CDC National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Small-area Life Expectancy Estimates Project (USALEEP), 2010-2015, census tracts weighted by 2020 block population · CDC USALEEP

Nearest hospital

46 beds · no trauma designation listed · 4 general or critical-access hospitals within 10 miles, 17 within 25.

No Medicare Care Compare record for this listing: it either reports under a parent hospital's Medicare number (a campus no source names) or is missing from Care Compare's file, so no rating is shown. A few federal listings also lag closures and mergers.

Community health center: 6 inside this ZIP, nearest Fairfield Township Community Health Center, Fairfield Township, 1.5 mi away; 2 within 3 miles, 14 within 10. These federally funded clinics see anyone and charge on a sliding scale.

Veterans: nearest VA site is Hamilton VA Clinic, Hamilton (multi-specialty outpatient clinic), 3 mi away; 1 VA site within 10 miles, 9 within 25; 1 inside this ZIP.

Providers: 2,336 active health care providers list a practice address in this ZIP: 102 physicians, 76 nurse practitioners and physician assistants, 30 dentists, 672 mental health professionals, 22 pharmacies, 3 urgent care centers, 1 hospital, 13 nursing or assisted-living facilities, 56 home health or hospice agencies; most common physician specialties: Internal Medicine (22), Family Medicine (19), Orthopaedic Surgery (8) (NPPES registry, August 2026).

Dialysis: 1 center inside this ZIP, nearest Fresenius Medical Care of Hamilton, Hamilton, 1.7 mi away, 20 stations, Medicare ★☆☆☆☆ (Fresenius Medical Care); 4 within 5 miles, 26 within 15.

Source: federal HIFLD hospital inventory (via FEMA) with Medicare Care Compare star ratings, emergency-service flags, median emergency department times (measure OP_18b), HCAHPS patient survey results and 30-day death rates and patient-safety composites (Complications and Deaths file; a campus with no record of its own carries its parent hospital's figures, labelled); NPPES NPI registry, August 2026 monthly file, active records by practice ZIP; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center (some listings lag closures and mergers); HRSA health center sites, CMS dialysis facilities (geocoded with the Census geocoder) and the VA facility list · CMS Care Compare data · HIFLD · HRSA data · CMS NPI files

Nursing homes

11 certified homes within 5 miles, 65 within 15; 6 inside this ZIP.

Medicare rating

★★★★★ overall; inspections ★★★★★; staffing ★★★☆☆

Beds

85 certified

Ownership

For profit, individual

Penalties

no federal fines or payment denials since 2023 (CMS)

In this ZIP: BIRCHWOOD CARE CENTER (5★, 75 beds); GATEWAY SPRINGS HEALTH CAMPUS (5★, 53 beds); GLEN MEADOWS (5★, 85 beds) and 3 more.

Stars are Medicare's Care Compare ratings; a 1-star home failed inspections or is thinly staffed, and the abuse flag means a citation for harm in the past year or two. Ratings shift every quarter.

Source: Medicare Care Compare nursing home provider and penalties files (CMS), geocoded with the Census Bureau; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center · CMS Care Compare data

Crime

Violent

56 offenses: 1 murder, 9 rapes, 8 robberies, 38 aggravated assaults (0.7 per 1,000 residents; Ohio 3.2)

Property

722 offenses: 80 burglaries, 622 thefts, 19 vehicle thefts (8.4 per 1,000; Ohio 16.9)

Other

291 simple assaults, 153 vandalism reports, 289 drug offenses, 21 weapons violations

Reporting

12 months of 2024 on file; 85,827 residents served; about 37% of the ZIP's residents live where the sheriff is the local police

Trend

violent offenses down 2% from 57 in 2023; property down 2% from 739

Rates cover the whole agency's territory, not this ZIP alone: a city's downtown and its quiet edges share one number. Murders, rapes and assaults are counted once per victim and other offenses once per incident, as the FBI's Crime Data Explorer does; a large department's figures can still fall somewhat short of the Explorer's, which takes in later submissions, and a sheriff's population is only the unincorporated area it serves.

Source: FBI Crime Data Explorer, NIBRS incident data for Ohio, 2024 (2023 for the trend): Group A offenses per reporting agency (violent = murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault; property = burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson), murders, rapes and assaults counted once per victim; the agency is the police department of the ZIP's largest local government (city, village or township) when it has one of its own, found in the FBI's 2023 and 2024 rosters or the USGS police station inventory, otherwise the sheriff of the ZIP's county; a rate needs at least six months of 2024 on file and is annualized from fewer than 12; the Ohio figures pool the 511 police departments and sheriff's offices with all 12 months on file · FBI Crime Data Explorer · USGS structures service

Police and post office

1 station within 3 miles, 11 within 8. Inside this ZIP: Butler County Sheriff's Office; Fairfield Township Police Department; Hamilton Police Department; New Miami Police Department.

Nearest post office: Hamilton Post Office, 3.6 mi; 1 inside this ZIP.

Townships without their own department are policed by the county sheriff, whose office may be at the county seat; the state highway patrol covers the roads. The inventory lists stations, not patrol zones. It also misses some departments and still lists some that have closed; the atlas adds the departments that reported at least six months of 2024 crimes to the FBI but had no station in it, and drops the closed and duplicate records it found.

Source: USGS National Map structures inventory (police stations, post offices), with closed and duplicate records dropped, wrong names corrected and departments it lacks added from OpenStreetMap and the Census Bureau geocoder (September 2026); straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center · USGS structures service · OpenStreetMap · Census Bureau geocoder

Fire and EMS

4 stations within 3 miles, 29 within 8.

Inside this ZIP: Fairfield Township Fire Department Station 211; Fairfield Township Fire Department Station 212; Liberty Township Fire Department Headquarters and 6 more.

Source: USGS National Map structures inventory (fire and EMS stations; most Ohio records last updated 2019 to 2022), Columbus- and Cleveland-area stations checked against the cities' station lists, September 2026. Indiana, Michigan and Pennsylvania stations near the line are included; Kentucky and West Virginia stations across the Ohio River are not. Straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center. Stations open or close without the inventory always catching up. · USGS structures service · Columbus fire stations · Cleveland fire stations

Public library

0 libraries within 3 miles, 7 within 8.

Open

about 66 hours a week

Building

16,000 square feet

Lane Public Library

3 buildings, serves 187K people, 3 visits per resident a year, 1.9M items lent, $9.2M annual income

Inside this ZIP: Hamilton Lane Branch.

Museums: 6 inside this ZIP (Butler County Courthouse Historical Society, Butler County Museum, Dayton Lane Historic Area and 3 more); nearest Dayton Lane Historic Area, historical society, Hamilton, 3.1 mi away; 9 within 5 miles, 58 within 15 (IMLS 2018 directory: museums, historical societies, gardens and zoos).

Source: Institute of Museum and Library Services, Public Libraries Survey fiscal 2024 (outlet and system files) and Museum Data Files 2018 (museums); straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center · IMLS Public Libraries Survey · IMLS Museum Data Files

Grocery access

Distance

81% of residents live more than half a mile from a supermarket, 55% more than 1 mile

Without a car

16% live in a tract flagged for low income and low vehicle access; 5.3% of households have no vehicle (Census ACS 2020 to 2024)

Poverty

14.5% of residents below the poverty line

SNAP stores

5 supermarkets or superstores and 4 grocery stores inside this ZIP take SNAP, alongside 36 convenience stores, 1 farmers market, 15 other outlets (dollar, drug and discount stores); nearest supermarket or grocery store Target Store (super store), 0.5 mi from the ZIP's center; 8 supermarkets and grocery stores within 3 miles (USDA, 2026)

SNAP households

12% of households received SNAP benefits in the past year (Census ACS 2020 to 2024)

Setting

95% of residents in urban tracts, across 19 tracts, 4 flagged

A "supermarket" here is a large grocery store, supercenter or club; dollar stores and corner groceries do not count, and stores that opened since 2019 are missing from the distance figures; the SNAP store list is current. Rural distance flags mean a long drive, not necessarily hardship.

Source: USDA Economic Research Service, Food Access Research Atlas: 2019 Large Retailer Access Map (2010 census tracts, 2019 supermarket list; ERS's name for this file since July 2026), tract values weighted into ZIPs by 2020 census block population; SNAP store counts from USDA Food and Nutrition Service retailer locations, 2026; SNAP and no-vehicle households from Census ACS 2020 to 2024 · USDA ERS Large Retailer Access Map · USDA SNAP retailers · Census ACS

History

The history of this area has not been researched yet; the work runs county by county outward from Franklin County.

Source: Local history researched from Wikipedia, the 1880 county histories on archive.org, Ohio History Connection, National Register listings, Ohio historical markers, local historical societies and Wikimedia Commons, one file per municipality and township, loaded on demand; Native American history per county and statewide from the same sources and the nations' own histories · Ohio History Connection · Internet Archive (county histories) · Wikimedia Commons · Remarkable Ohio (historical markers)

Historic places

• Benninghofen House (building)
• Butler County Courthouse (building)
• Dixon--Globe Opera House--Robinson-Schwenn Building (building)
• and 10 more

Place names (USGS): 23 named communities (Port Union, Rockdale, Williamsdale, New Miami, Maustown and more); 8 named streams end here (Cotton Run, Crawford Run, Four Mile Creek, Hunts Creek and more); 6 named lakes or reservoirs (Lake Brenda, Clearwater Lakes, Twin Hill Lake and more). Federal maps carry these names; the communities include hamlets and crossroads that never incorporated.

Listing recognizes significance and brings review of federally funded projects; it does not restrict a private owner. Historic districts count once, at their center.

Source: National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places spatial data (point file); listings whose point falls inside the ZIP boundary · National Register data · USGS GNIS

School district

• Lakota Local35% of residentsLocal school district
• Fairfield City29% of residentsCity school district
• Hamilton City27% of residentsCity school district
• Edgewood City4% of residentsCity school district
• New Miami Local3% of residentsLocal school district

ZIP codes and school districts do not share boundaries, so this ZIP is split between them.

20 public schools inside this ZIP: Butler Tech School of the Arts; Cherokee Elementary School (4.5 stars); Crawford Woods Elementary School (3 stars); D Russel Lee Career-Technology Center and 16 more. Nearest to the population center: Fairfield North Elementary School (5 stars), 0.5 mi; 4 within a mile, 10 within 3.

1 private school inside this ZIP with 53 students in kindergarten through 12th grade (1 religious): Main Street Schoolhouse Inc (53 students, Catholic) (NCES Private School Survey 2023-24; the survey's student counts, here and per school, exclude prekindergarten).

Enrolled here: 10,406 students attend the 20 public schools inside this ZIP with 2023-24 enrollment on file; 2 of them are charter schools (229 students), 14.7 students per teacher. 36% of the 5,803 students at the 9 schools reporting it qualify for free or reduced-price meals (11 did not report); 7 schools use the community eligibility provision, which counts every student. (NCES)

Enrollment: 15,103 residents attend kindergarten through 12th grade, 13% of them at private schools; 3,276 are in college or graduate school (Census ACS 2020 to 2024).

Money, fiscal 2023: Lakota Local took in $228 million, 28% from the state, 63% local and 9% federal, and spent $12,053 per pupil on day-to-day operations for 17,721 students, 58% of it on instruction; capital outlay $7.3 million (Census school finance survey via NCES).

Child poverty: the Census Bureau's 2024 estimate puts 8.2% of Lakota Local's school-age children below the poverty line (1,743 of 21,261 aged 5 to 17; SAIPE).

Source: Ohio school district boundaries (OGRIP, 2014 edition, via ODOT) · 2020 census blocks · public school locations from NCES EDGE, 2024-25 · enrollment and meals from the NCES Common Core of Data 2023-24 · private schools from the NCES Private School Survey 2023-24 · district finances from the Census F-33 survey, fiscal 2023 · child poverty from Census SAIPE 2024 · ODOT GIS · NCES EDGE · NCES Common Core of Data · NCES private schools · Census SAIPE · Census school finances (F-33)

School report card

Components

achievement 4 stars, progress 4 stars, gap closing 5 stars, early literacy 3 stars, graduation 4 stars, college and career readiness 2 stars

Achievement

performance index 87.6% of ODE's maximum score for the year (the average of the top 2% of district scores, not the highest score possible) (score 96.2, 94.6 the year before)

Graduation

94.8% of the class of 2024 graduated in four years; 62.1% of that class (graduates or not) showed college, career, workforce or military readiness

Spending

$11,540 per pupil in 2023-24 against $12,759 statewide

Teachers

average salary $82,632, 14 years of experience, 68.9% with a master's degree, 15% in their first years of teaching

Enrollment

16,827 students in 2024-25

Three stars means the district meets state standards, five that it significantly exceeds them, one that it needs significant support. Achievement stars follow family income closely; the progress component (growth from year to year) is the fairer measure of teaching. Charter and private schools are not in the district figures.

Source: Ohio Department of Education and Workforce, 2024-2025 School Report Cards (district overview, achievement, expenditures per pupil and educator files), for the district with the largest share (35%) of this ZIP's residents · Ohio school report cards

Colleges

Miami University-Hamilton is a public university with 2,812 students over the 2023-24 year; published tuition and fees $7,278 a year in state, $18,847 out of state; 21% of a 462-student entering class graduated (six-year bachelor).

10 institutions within 10 miles, 33 within 25.

Next nearest: Butler Technology and Career Development Schools (4.7 mi).

Universities, community colleges, career schools and private colleges all count; branch campuses appear only where IPEDS lists them separately. Graduation rates follow first-time full-time students for 150% of normal time.

Source: NCES IPEDS 2024 directory, 12-month enrollment 2023-24, tuition and fees 2023-24 and graduation rates for the 2017 entering cohort at four-year institutions and the 2020 cohort at two-year ones; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center · NCES IPEDS

Local government

• Liberty Township, Butler County31% of residentsTownship
• Fairfield Township, Butler County29% of residentsTownship
• Hamilton (city)27% of residentsCity
• West Chester Township, Butler County4% of residentsTownship
• Saint Clair Township, Butler County3% of residentsTownship
• Wayne Township, Butler County2% of residentsTownship

ZIP codes and municipal and township boundaries do not share boundaries, so this ZIP is split between them.

Ohio EPA grants 2025: 1 grant worth $22,102 went to Butler County General Health District in this ZIP (1 mosquito control).

Source: ODOT municipal corporation and township boundaries · 2020 census blocks · Ohio EPA grants awarded in 2025 (OEPA_Achievements map service) · Auditor of State unauditable entities list · ODOT GIS · Auditor of State · Ohio EPA grants (OEPA_Achievements)

Who represents this ZIP

U.S. Senate: Bernie Moreno (R), Jon Husted (R)

• Warren Davidson RU.S. House OH-8Troy · since 2016 · site
• George F. Lang ROhio Senate 4 · 98%West Chester · since 2020 · site
• Stephen A. Huffman R 5 · 2%Tipp City · since 2018 · site
• Diane Mullins ROhio House 47 · 56%Hamilton · since 2024 · site
• Thomas Hall R 46 · 37%Madison Township · since 2020 · site
• Jennifer Gross R 45 · 5%West Chester · since 2020 · site
• Rodney Creech R 40 · 2%West Alexandria · since 2020 · site

District lines cut through this ZIP, so more than one member serves its residents; the share is by 2020 population.

Source: ODOT district boundaries · members from the U.S. House, Ohio Senate and Ohio House directories, September 2026 · U.S. House · Ohio Senate · Ohio House · ODOT GIS