ZIP code 45123: Greenfield

Drinking-water compliance

A health-based violation is a contaminant above its limit or a treatment rule not followed; monitoring, reporting and public-notice violations are paperwork. Lead is the 90th-percentile result across sampled homes, not a reading at any one tap.

Source: EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System (Envirofacts, pulled September 2026), violations and lead and copper sampling for the system that serves most of this ZIP · EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts) · EPA ECHO

Byproducts and contaminants

TTHM

14.8 µg/L yearly mean in 2019, the last year in the file (limit 80); worst yearly mean 40.8, highest single sample 40.8; 15 samples from 2012 to 2019

HAA5

3.7 µg/L yearly mean in the last year sampled (limit 60); worst yearly mean 16.8, highest sample 16.8; 15 samples

Nitrate

highest of 9 samples was 3.8 mg/L as nitrogen (2014; limit 10); 2.38 in 2019, the last year sampled. Nitrate above 10 is unsafe for infants

Arsenic

not detected in 3 samples (limit 10)

Solvents and fuels

benzene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, vinyl chloride not detected in 3 samples

Bacteria

6 of 577 routine tap samples (1.04%) tested positive for total coliform in 2012 to 2019, 3 of 73 in 2019; E. coli never found in the 445 tap samples tested for it. Coliform itself is a warning sign; E. coli means sewage or manure reached the water

Farm chemicals

atrazine, alachlor, 2,4-D not detected in 3 samples

Metals

barium in 3 of 3 samples, highest 77 µg/L (limit 2,000); chromium, cadmium, mercury, selenium, thallium not detected in 3 samples

EPA's file stops at 2019; Ohio EPA's Drinking Water Watch has newer results. Byproducts are judged on running yearly averages at each sampling site, so one high sample is not a violation. Nitrate and arsenic are measured where water enters the pipes.

Source: EPA Six-Year Review 4 compliance monitoring data, 2012 to 2019 (TTHM, HAA5 and coliform from distribution-system samples of Greenfield Village; nitrate, arsenic, radionuclides, solvents, herbicides and metals from the entry points of the same system); non-detects counted as zero

PFAS

UCMR 5

2 samples in 2025 at the entry point to the distribution system: none of the 29 PFAS detected

Ohio EPA 2020

1 plant tested (latest 2020-03): nothing detected for the six PFAS tested

Ohio EPA latest

1 plant sampled by Ohio EPA, most recently 2020-03 (Ohio EPA statewide sampling status map)

Lithium: not detected in 2 UCMR 5 samples at Greenfield Village (the method reports from 9 µg/L). Lithium is unregulated; EPA's draft health reference level is 10 µg/L, and it occurs naturally in deep groundwater, so well systems in the northwest run highest.

PFAS are the forever chemicals from firefighting foam, plating shops and non-stick coatings. One sample above 4 ng/L is not a violation; compliance is judged on running annual averages, and systems are adding carbon filters ahead of the 2029 deadline. Results are for water leaving the plant, not your tap.

Source: EPA UCMR 5 occurrence data (final release, August 2026) and Ohio EPA statewide PFAS sampling 2019 to 2021 and its current status map, for the system that serves most of this ZIP; EPA SDWIS record OH3600312; results in nanograms per litre (parts per trillion) · Ohio EPA PFAS

Lead at the tap

Latest period

1.4 ppb in the sampling period ending 2025-12

Highest since 2016

1.6 ppb (2021-12); never above 10 ppb in 7 periods

Service lines

2,222 inventoried: 0 lead, 0 galvanized needing replacement, 2,222 unknown, 0 not lead (reported all required service line types)

Children: the Ohio Department of Health lists this ZIP as high-risk for childhood lead exposure, mostly from old paint and soil, so every child living here should get a blood lead test at ages 1 and 2 (Medicaid covers it, and doctors are required to order it).

Housing age: 46% of the homes here were built before 1960 and 23% before 1940, when lead service lines, lead solder and lead paint were common; 67% predate 1980 (Census ACS 2020 to 2024).

Systems sample taps in the homes most likely to have lead pipes or solder; the 90th-percentile figure means nine in ten sampled homes were at or below it. Lead comes from the service line and the house plumbing, not the source water, so a low system result does not clear an old house. The action level drops from 15 to 10 ppb in 2027, and every lead line must be replaced within ten years of that.

Source: EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System lead and copper 90th-percentile results (Envirofacts) and EPA's service line inventory dashboard (2026 Q2), for Greenfield Village (OH3600312), the system that serves most of this ZIP · ODH childhood lead testing · ODH high-risk ZIP list (CCBH PDF) · Ohio EPA lead and copper · H2Ohio

Fluoride and treatment

Treatment on file: chlorine disinfection.

The health department reports 0.2 mg/L of natural fluoride for Greenfield Village, below the 0.7 mg/L target.

Measured fluoride: below the 0.2 mg/L reporting limit in 1 sample at the plant's entry points in 2018; detected samples in earlier years ran from 0.24 to 0.26 mg/L across 3 samples in 2012 to 2019 (EPA compliance monitoring). Natural fluoride in Ohio well water runs from a trace to over 2 mg/L in parts of the northwest.

The health department counts 89.1% of Highland County residents on community water as receiving fluoridated water.

Ohio law (ORC 6109.20, 1969) makes systems serving 5,000 or more people fluoridate unless the water already carries 0.8 mg/L naturally or the community exempted itself by ordinance or referendum in the months after the law passed; smaller systems choose for themselves. The treatment list is what each system registered with EPA and can lag a plant upgrade.

Source: CDC My Water's Fluoride, fluoridation status of each system as reported by the Ohio Department of Health; EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System treatment table for Greenfield Village (OH3600312); EPA Six-Year Review 4 compliance monitoring, 2012 to 2019; Ohio Department of Health fluoridation report (DataOhio) for the county share · EPA SDWIS search

Algal toxins

Greenfield Village draws groundwater, which Ohio does not monitor for algal toxins; blooms are a surface-water problem.

Source: Ohio EPA public water system harmful algal bloom monitoring (HAB data and map, DrinkingWater/HAB service, fetched 2026-09-09), total microcystins by ELISA in raw and treated water, for the system that serves most of this ZIP · Ohio EPA HAB information for public water systems

Groundwater

Under the surface

glacial till (clay-rich, poor yields), part of the Hillsboro Thin Upland Aquifer (thin upland setting); wells there yield < 5 gallons a minute, deposits < 25 ft thick

Bedrock

Undifferentiated Salina Dolomite, Includes Bass Islands Group, yielding 0 - 5 gpm to a well

Setting

Limestone; water table 15-30 ft down, 4-7 in/yr recharge, clay loam soil (hydrogeologic setting 7Ac); pesticide index 140

Karst

36 karst and spring points in ODNR's inventory inside the ZIP (7 field-verified), 0.3 per square mile

Well logs

998 drilled wells on file (113.7 per 1,000 residents), median 98 ft deep, 12 gallons a minute median test yield, water 21 ft down

Aquifers

89% of wells in bedrock, 11% in sand, gravel and other unconsolidated material; typical well drilled 1987, 293 since 2000; uses: Domestic 778, Monitor 25

Wellhead protection

2% of this ZIP lies inside Ohio EPA source water protection areas for 6 public water systems (Greenfield Village PWS); the largest, Greenfield Village PWS, is rated moderate susceptibility in a buried valley setting

Geology

46% of the ZIP is a sensitive geologic setting, where thin or sandy cover leaves the aquifer open to what soaks in from the surface; its population center sits on Silurian-Devonian limestone and dolomite known to form karst, under more than 20 ft of drift; 3 field-verified sinkholes and 5 probable sinkholes inside the ZIP, where surface water can pour straight into the aquifer (Ohio EPA and ODNR Geological Survey)

Injection wells

40 Class V injection wells on Ohio EPA's books inside this ZIP (29 active): 4 large septic, 34 cleanup injection, 2 vehicle waste; these put fluids underground above or into drinking water aquifers

Water table

RO-7 OH monitoring well (ODNR), 9.9 mi away: water 32.1 ft below ground on 2026-07-27; averaged 34.7 ft in 2015 to 2019 and 32.2 ft over the latest year, so the table is running about 2.5 ft higher; range 20.8 to 44 ft over 3,830 readings since 2015

Nitrate risk

EPA researchers put the chance that a public water system in the Farmers Run-Paint Creek subwatershed exceeds the nitrate limit at 36% if it draws on groundwater and 35% if it draws on rivers or lakes, judged from land use, geology and past results (EnviroAtlas nitrate violation index; the typical Ohio subwatershed scores 23% for groundwater and 39% for surface water)

Quality monitoring

Ohio EPA's nearest ambient groundwater monitoring well is Greenfield City Of (Highland County), 0.9 mi away: 37 ft deep in sand and gravel (Paint Creek aquifer); wells there yield 25 to 100 gallons a minute; sampled on the standard cycle. 12 active wells within 15 mi

Vulnerability rates how easily a spill at the surface reaches the aquifer, not whether anything has. Well logs include abandoned and replaced wells, so counts overstate wells in use; a private well owner is the only one who tests it.

Source: ODNR Division of Geological Survey, Groundwater Vulnerability (DRASTIC) map (polygon at the ZIP's population-weighted center), karst feature inventory, and the Ohio water well log database (logs inside the ZIP boundary) · ODNR Geological Survey · Ohio EPA GIS services · USGS water data

Aquifer exposure

Karst

the population center sits on Silurian-Devonian limestone and dolomite known to form karst, under more than 20 ft of drift; 3 field-verified and 5 probable sinkholes inside the ZIP; nearest verified sinkhole 3.8 mi from the center

Wellhead protection

2% of the ZIP lies inside Ohio EPA source water protection areas for 6 public water systems (Greenfield Village PWS); the largest, Greenfield Village PWS, is rated moderate susceptibility in a buried valley setting

Vulnerability index

DRASTIC 120 (ODNR; higher means a spill at the surface reaches the aquifer more easily)

Sensitive settings are outwash plains, buried valleys, karst and shallow bedrock, mapped statewide by Ohio EPA for siting decisions. Exposure is not contamination: it says how quickly a spill, a failing tank or heavy manure would reach the water table, not whether one has.

Source: Ohio EPA Sensitive Geologic Settings and karst geology layers (geology/Geology), ODNR Geological Survey karst and spring points, Ohio EPA source water protection areas (DrinkingWater/SWAP); shares by ZIP boundary overlay, karst by a point query at the population-weighted center · Ohio EPA geology layers · Ohio EPA source water protection (SWAP) · ODNR Geological Survey

Sewage treatment

Size

1.64 million gallons a day design flow; a major facility

Compliance

12 of the last 12 quarters with a violation; currently in violation (not significant); 4 effluent limit exceedances in 3 years

Other discharge permits: 2 facilities inside this ZIP other than sewage plants hold a Clean Water Act permit (factories, water plants, quarries, package plants, storm water). 1 more industrial user discharges to the sewer under a pretreatment permit.

Sewage sludge: 18 farm fields covering 737 acres inside this ZIP are permitted for spreading treated biosolids, mostly from Greenfield Wwtp (370 acres), Washington Court House Wwtp (296 acres), Leesburg Wwtp (71 acres) (Ohio EPA). Biosolids carry nutrients and, increasingly under scrutiny, PFAS.

Sludge source: 1 permitted biosolids generator is inside this ZIP; nearest Greenfield WWTP, 0.9 mi away (a major plant); 2 within 10 miles (Ohio EPA).

State water loans: 2 projects inside this ZIP have borrowed $4.3 million from Ohio EPA's revolving loan funds since 2021 (2 sewer, storm water and runoff projects for $4.3 million), with $4.0 million of principal forgiven. Largest: Phase 1 Sanitary Sewer Replacement (Greenfield, 2025, $4.0 million). Below-market loans are how most Ohio treatment plants and water mains get rebuilt.

Sewer planning: 24% of it is assigned to Fayette County as the designated sewage management agency under Ohio's Clean Water Act section 208 plan (generic prescriptions); 76% has no designated agency, which usually means septic systems. The 208 plan decides who may build and extend sewers.

Stormwater: this ZIP lies outside Ohio EPA's regulated MS4 areas, so its storm drains and ditches carry runoff without a municipal stormwater permit. 8 sites with an address in this ZIP hold their own industrial stormwater permits (Greenfield Research Inc, Greenfield Research Inc, Greenfield Research Inc and others) (EPA Facility Finder).

Plants inside this ZIP: Greenfield, Village Of (1.64 MGD, major).

Where a home's sewage actually goes depends on the sewer district, and rural homes are on septic systems the county health department permits; the nearest plant is a proxy. Violations range from paperwork to raw discharges.

Source: EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO), Clean Water Act NPDES facilities with a POTW component in Ohio; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center. Compliance data lag about a quarter.; other Clean Water Act permit holders inside the ZIP from the same service · EPA ECHO · EPA CSO inventory · Ohio EPA GIS services · EPA Facility Finder

Stream health

Uses failing

aquatic life 69% of the land, recreation (bacteria) 90%, fish consumption 44%

Causes listed

bacteria (pathogens) (90%), unknown cause (44%), nutrients (40%)

Cleanup plans

90% of the land is under a TMDL pollution budget

Watersheds here: Farmers Run-Paint Creek (not supporting); Buckskin Creek (not supporting).

Fish advisories (Ohio EPA): Paint Creek (State Route 734 near Jeffersonville to Plyley's Lane at Belleview Avenue (Belleview Heights)): largemouth bass one meal a month (mercury); Paint Creek Lake: channel catfish two meals a week, bluegill sunfish unrestricted, common carp unrestricted and 2 more species (mercury). Statewide, every other fish is one meal a week because of mercury.

Nearest stream assessment (Ohio EPA): Paint Creek Dst. Greenfield Wwtp, Adj. Washington St. on the Paint Creek, 1.3 mi away, draining 261 square miles: partial attainment of its exceptional warmwater use; fish IBI 44 of 60 (2006); bug ICI 54 of 60 (2006); habitat QHEI 83 of 100. 10 assessed sites inside the ZIP, 2 within 3 miles, 32 within 10. Scores above about 40 (IBI), 36 (ICI) and 60 (QHEI) mean a healthy warmwater stream.

Stream designations (Ohio EPA water quality standards): 73.3 miles of designated streams cross this ZIP: 60.6 mi warmwater habitat, 12.7 mi exceptional warmwater habitat. Nearest specially protected stream: the Paint creek (Rocky fork (RM 37.12) to North fork (RM 3.80)), 8.3 mi away, an Outstanding State Water. Exceptional and coldwater streams are the state's healthiest; modified and limited-resource waters are channelized or ditched.

Proposed for 2026: Ohio EPA's pending water quality standards rewrite would add 6.4 miles of stream in this ZIP to the antidegradation tiers: the Buckskin Creek as Superior High Quality Water (Headwaters to North branch buckskin creek (RM 10.72)). Listing raises the bar for any new or expanded discharge.

PFAS in the river (Ohio EPA large river survey): at Paint Creek Dst. Paint Creek Dam, 7 mi away, the water carried 66.93 ng/L of total PFAS (PFOA 1.5, PFOS 1.3 ng/L); fish fillets held 21.45 ng/g in bluegill and 19.02 ng/g in catfish (PFOS 4.2 in bluegill). Drinking water limits are 4 ng/L for PFOA and PFOS; river water is not drinking water, but treatment plants that draw from it start from these numbers.

Farm chemicals (USGS estimate, 2018): farms in Highland County used about 231 metric tons of pesticide active ingredient, 413 kg per square mile, 31st of Ohio's 88 counties. Largest: glyphosate 87 t, acetochlor 34 t, atrazine 27 t, metolachlor 19 t, 2,4-D 15 t. Atrazine, the corn herbicide, is the pesticide that most often shows up in Ohio tap water after spring rains; this county used 27 t of it.

Farms (2022 Census of Agriculture): 1,188 farms work 227,859 acres of Highland County, with 50.3% of its land in cropland, 192 acres to a farm. 19,913 cattle, 29,001 hogs, 6,489 laying hens, 2,929 broilers, 218 turkeys; 41,102 acres of corn and 96,819 of soybeans. Sales $195 million, 36% from animals and animal products. Manure and fertilizer from farms like these carry the phosphorus and nitrogen behind Ohio's algae and nitrate problems; withheld figures protect individual farms.

A watershed unit fails when any sampled stream in it fails; ditches in flat farm country fail on habitat and nutrients, city creeks on bacteria and sediment. Ohio's own report is at epa.ohio.gov; the EPA link on each unit's report page has the sampling detail.

Source: EPA ATTAINS (Ohio EPA 2024 Integrated Report), watershed assessment units overlaid on the ZIP boundary in an equal-area projection; shares are of the ZIP's land area · EPA ATTAINS · Ohio integrated report · Ohio sport fish advisory · Ohio EPA advisory map

Watershed

• Paint100% of residentsDrains to the Ohio River

H2Ohio: nearest project East Fork Riparian Reserve Wetland Treatment System, inland flow-through wetland, funded 2020, completed, 24.9 mi away: The project involves the construction of a 2 acre off-channel wetland treatment system along a tributary of the East Fork Little Miami River at the site of the ...; 0 within 5 miles, 0 within 15. H2Ohio pays for wetlands, farm practices and lead line work to cut the nutrients behind Lake Erie's algae.

Watershed grants: 2 state or federal runoff projects inside this ZIP (2 Section 319); nearest "Rattlesnake Creek Implementation Project 2001" by Paint Creek Joint SWCD Board (agricultural bmps, Section 319), 5.5 mi away; 2 within 10 miles (Ohio EPA project lists: Section 319 and GLRI through fiscal 2023, SWIF through 2017).

The population center sits in the Farmers Run-Paint Creek subwatershed; its water runs on through Cliff Creek-Paint Creek, then Sulphur Lick-Paint Creek, then Outlet Paint Creek.

In 2015 Highland County drew about 3 million gallons a day of fresh water (USGS): 2.3 million for public supply (67% from wells, 40,900 people served at 35 gallons a person a day at home); 2,100 residents drew their own well water.

EnviroAtlas, Farmers Run-Paint Creek: over 1,000 acres in the Conservation Reserve Program; 9,004 acres of grain crops; 94 miles of streams (3.0 per square mile); water use of 293 thousand gallons a day for homes; 40.7 inches of rain and snow a year; 9.3 kg of nitrogen per hectare falling from the air each year; farm nitrogen of 0.2 kg per hectare a year as manure and 40.7 kg as synthetic fertilizer; 10% of the farmland sits on drained hydric soils; potentially restorable wetlands on farmland cover 18% of the subwatershed; 3.0% of the land is paved or roofed; 45% of the stream banks keep natural cover (EPA EnviroAtlas national metrics, 2010s vintages).

Stream permits: 23% of this ZIP drains to streams Ohio EPA rates high quality, where a project that fills, pipes or crosses a stream needs an individual Ohio EPA 401 water quality review; 54% drains toward high-quality waters farther down and might qualify for the Army Corps' blanket nationwide permits after a field screening and 22% can use those nationwide permits outright (Ohio EPA 401 nationwide permit eligibility map).

Source: USGS Watershed Boundary Dataset (HUC-8 subbasins by resident share, HUC-12 subwatershed at the population center) · 2020 census blocks · USGS watershed boundaries · EPA EnviroAtlas · Ohio EPA 401 map · USGS county water use 2015 · ODNR H2Ohio projects · ODNR Lake Erie Coastal Management Area · Ohio EPA source water protection (SWAP) · Ohio EPA nine-element plans · Ohio EPA 319, GLRI and SWIF project lists · Ohio EPA chloride reduction grants · NOAA Lake Erie water levels

Homes and income

Household income

$62,404 median

Income spread

19% of households earn under $25,000 a year, 30% $100,000 or more and 3.1% $200,000 or more

Rent

$756 a month, median gross

Owner-occupied

68% of 3,313 occupied homes; 63% of owners carry a mortgage

Typical home built

1967

Value spread

30% of owner-occupied homes are worth under $100,000 and 6.4% $500,000 or more; income per person $29,397 a year

Moved in

the typical owner moved in in 2010, the typical renter in 2016

Median age

36.8 years

Commute

25 minutes each way on average, 19% of commuters travel 45 minutes or more, 6% work from home

Housing stock

80% single-family detached, 4% in buildings of 5 or more units, 2.2% mobile homes; 3.9% of homes are crowded (more than one person a room)

Vacancy

13% of 3,806 housing units are vacant: 1.6% for rent, 1.1% for sale, 10% other, such as homes held off the market, in probate or abandoned

Owner costs

18% of owners with a mortgage and 16% of owners without one spend 30% or more of income on housing

Evictions

3.13 eviction filings a year per 100 renter households in 2016 to 2018, 2.55 ending in a judgement (about 38 filings a year; Eviction Lab)

Fair market rent

$970 a month for a two-bedroom (one-bedroom $840, three-bedroom $1,180): HUD's fiscal 2026 small-area fair market rent, the benchmark for housing vouchers in the Highland County area

Tax returns

3,650 returns for 2022 averaging $52,718 of adjusted gross income; 31% reported under $25,000 and 2% reported $200,000 or more; 22% claimed the earned income credit and 26% were filed by people 60 or older (IRS)

Subsidized housing

2 tax-credit (LIHTC) properties with 38 low-income units, newest placed in service 2006; 3 HUD-assisted multifamily properties with 96 assisted units (Section 8 and similar contracts). Housing vouchers used in private rentals are not counted

Banks

4 full-service bank branches from 3 banks inside this ZIP (FDIC); 1 credit union branch from 1 credit union (NCUA)

Strain

32% of renters pay 30% or more of income in rent; 8.4% of households have no vehicle; the median renter spends 19.7% of income on rent; the median owner with a mortgage spends 16.6% of income on housing costs

Five-year survey averages centered on 2022; small ZIPs carry wide margins of error, and owner-estimated values run below sale prices in a rising market.

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020 to 2024 five-year estimates by ZIP Code Tabulation Area; Eviction Lab (Princeton) tract estimates 2016 to 2018, weighted to the ZIP; HUD fiscal 2026 Small Area Fair Market Rents; IRS Statistics of Income ZIP data, tax year 2022; Mapping Inequality (University of Richmond), HOLC maps 1935 to 1940; HUD eGIS open data for subsidized housing; FDIC BankFind branch locations; NCUA credit union branch list, March 2026 · Census ACS · Eviction Lab · HUD data · IRS ZIP statistics · Mapping Inequality · HUD eGIS open data · FDIC BankFind · NCUA call report data

Houses and neighborhoods

Homes

2,543 one-family houses, 75 two-family houses, 34 three-family houses, 215 manufactured homes, 285 farmhouses; also 33 apartment buildings and 294 other residential parcels

Size

median lot 0.31 acres (condominiums left out)

Value

median appraised value $120,450 (tax year 2025): the county auditor's market value for property tax, not a sale price

Sales

107 sales in the 12 months to Sep 15, 2026 (median $120,000); 331 sales in 5 years (median $136,000). Counted: every single-parcel sale of $10,000 or more, since the county marks none valid, single-parcel sales of homes, one per house (its newest)

Owners

9% company-owned

Neighborhoods

0 neighborhoods and 37 subdivisions (details load below)

Show neighborhoods and houses

The houses load when you search, pick a filter or press the button (the pack for this part of the state, a few megabytes). Zoomed in on the map, each house of this ZIP draws as a dot that follows the search and filters.

Source: county auditors' appraisal records: Fayette County Auditor (as of Sep 13, 2026); Highland County Auditor (as of Sep 15, 2026); Ross County Auditor (as of Feb 6, 2026); residential parcels placed in ZIPs by the atlas; owner names are not carried · Allen County Auditor · Ashland County Auditor · Auglaize County Auditor · Butler County Auditor · Champaign County Auditor · Clark County Auditor · Clinton County Auditor · Coshocton County Auditor · Crawford County Auditor · Fairfield County Auditor · Fayette County Auditor · Franklin County Auditor · Greene County Auditor · Guernsey County Auditor · Hardin County Auditor · Highland County Auditor · Hocking County Auditor · Holmes County Auditor · Jackson County Auditor · Knox County Auditor · Licking County Auditor · Logan County Auditor · Lorain County Auditor · Madison County Auditor · Marion County Auditor · Miami County Auditor · Montgomery County Auditor · Morrow County Auditor · Muskingum County Auditor · Perry County Auditor · Pickaway County Auditor · Richland County Auditor · Ross County Auditor · Stark County Auditor · Tuscarawas County Auditor · Union County Auditor · Wyandot County Auditor · OGRIP Ohio Statewide Parcels · Athens County subdivisions, town plats and additions (Athens County Auditor GIS) · Cincinnati Community Council Boundaries · Cincinnati Statistical Neighborhood Approximations (SNA), 2020 · Clark County recorded subdivision plats · Clermont County recorded subdivision plats · Cleveland Heights neighborhoods · Cleveland Statistical Planning Areas (SPAs) / neighborhoods · Columbus Communities · Columbus Community Planning Areas · Coshocton County subdivisions (recorded plats and town additions) · Dayton neighborhoods · Dublin Civic Associations · Franklin County recorded subdivision and condominium plats · Hamilton (Ohio) 17Strong neighborhoods · Lima neighborhood associations · Logan County subdivision and condominium plats · Madison County subdivisions (recorded plats) · Morgan County subdivision, addition and town plats · Muskingum County subdivision plats · Perry County subdivisions and town additions (recorded plat names on the county engineer's parcels) · Richland County subdivisions and condominiums (recorded plats, county GIS) · Sandusky neighborhoods · Stark County recorded allotment (subdivision) and condominium plats · Toledo neighborhood associations · Union County subdivision plats

Building permits

Mix

5 single-family houses, 0 units in buildings of five or more, 6 in duplexes and small buildings

Value

$1.9 million of construction at the value declared on the permits

By year

2016: 0, 2017: 0, 2018: 0, 2019: 1, 2020: 1, 2021: 1, 2022: 0, 2023: 2, 2024: 3, 2025: 3, 2026 through July: 0

Survey counts are permits issued, not houses finished, and cover new residential construction only: additions, remodels, garages and commercial buildings are not in the survey. Values are the applicants' estimates. Where a city runs the building department for its township neighbours, the city's figure covers them too.

Source: Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, annual place files 2016 to 2025 (new privately owned residential units authorized), for the permit-issuing jurisdiction where most of this ZIP's residents live · Census building permits

Home prices

Five years

+81% from 2020 to 2025

Last year

+18% in 2025

Since 2000

prices stand at 2.6 times their 2000 level

Series

tracked since 1993

Zillow's typical home value here is $170K (2026-07), up 3% over the year, up 38% over five years and up 125% over ten.

On the market (Realtor.com, August 2026): median asking price $154,950, $132 per square foot for a typical 1,287 sq ft listing; 20 active listings, 12 new this month; listings spend a median 62 days on the market; 27% of listings have cut their price. Realtor.com flags this ZIP's figures this month as low quality (20 active listings), so the asking price is not a market median.

The index follows the same houses through repeat sales and refinance appraisals on conforming mortgages, so it measures price change rather than the price level (the Homes card has the median value). Consumer prices rose about 36% from 2015 to 2025, so a gain under 36% is a loss in real terms.

Source: Federal Housing Finance Agency House Price Index, annual five-digit ZIP all-transactions series (repeat sales and refinance appraisals of conforming-mortgage homes, developmental, not seasonally adjusted), latest release; Zillow Home Value Index (mid-tier, smoothed, seasonally adjusted) and Zillow Observed Rent Index by ZIP, Zillow Research · FHFA house price index · Zillow research data · Realtor.com data

Local taxes

Greenfield Exempted Village 94% of residents

20.0 effective mills (22.7 gross); $1,400 a year on a $200,000 home. Operating 16.0, inside millage 4.0.

Miami Trace Local 6% of residents

29.8 effective mills (32.8 gross); $2,088 a year on a $200,000 home. Operating 16.8, bonds 5.0, improvements 1.6, emergency 3.2, inside millage 3.2.

Municipal income tax

Greenfield 1.62% (50% of residents); township residents outside a city or village pay none. Charged on wages and business profits where you work and, after credits, where you live.

School district income tax

Greenfield Exempted Village 1.25% (94% of residents), Miami Trace Local none (5% of residents). Voted by the district and collected with the state income tax.

Sales tax

7.25% combined rate in Highland County: Ohio's 5.75% plus county and transit levies; this ZIP straddles counties or transit districts, so the rate depends on the address.

A mill is $1 per $1,000 of taxable value, and taxable value is 35% of market value. Effective rates fall as values rise because Ohio holds most voted levies to the dollars first approved. County, municipal or township, library, park and vocational-school levies are added on the same bill and are not counted here.

Source: Ohio Department of Taxation, Aggregate Property Tax Rates by School District, tax year 2025 (composite DTE 515); weighted by the share of this ZIP's residents in each district; The Finder rate tables for municipal, school district and sales taxes, September 2026 · Ohio tax data series · The Finder

Who delivers the electricity

• AES Ohio investor-owned59% of residentsThe AES Corporation
• South Central Power Company co-op28% of residentsBuckeye Power, Inc.
• AEP Ohio investor-owned13% of residentsAmerican Electric Power (AEP)

AES Ohio outages, 2024: the average customer lost power for 503 minutes (106 minutes leaving out major storm days), about 1.3 interruptions a year.

AES Ohio standard service offer price, 2024: 15.32 cents per kWh, about $140 a month for the average home, for the 132,522 residential customers who have not chosen a supplier; the other 346,219 pay AES Ohio 5.97 cents per kWh for delivery plus their supplier's price (EIA-861).

AES Ohio solar and meters, 2024: 464 customers run net-metered solar (9.9 MW, 388 of them homes); 81% of its 543,711 meters are two-way smart (AMI) meters, 15% drive-by automated reads (EIA-861).

South Central Power Company outages, 2024: the average customer lost power for 320 minutes (201 minutes leaving out major storm days), about 2.5 interruptions a year.

South Central Power Company residential price, 2024: 14.87 cents per kWh, about $160 a month for the average home across 117,469 residential customers (EIA-861).

South Central Power Company solar and meters, 2024: no net-metered solar reported under its own name (Buckeye Power, the co-ops' generation cooperative, files one Ohio net-metering row: 3,058 systems, 32.6 MW in 2024); 100% of its 127,851 meters are two-way smart (AMI) meters (EIA-861).

AEP Ohio outages, 2024: the average customer lost power for 272 minutes (158 minutes leaving out major storm days), about 1.1 interruptions a year.

AEP Ohio standard service offer price, 2024: 19.33 cents per kWh, about $174 a month for the average home, for the 550,768 residential customers who have not chosen a supplier; the other 788,464 pay AEP Ohio 10.75 cents per kWh for delivery plus their supplier's price (EIA-861).

AEP Ohio solar and meters, 2024: 11,606 customers run net-metered solar (158.9 MW, 11,036 of them homes); 79% of its 1,541,883 meters are two-way smart (AMI) meters, 21% drive-by automated reads (EIA-861).

Energy burden: households here spend an average 3.2% of income on electricity, gas and other fuels (about $2,336 a year against $73,055 of income); the 41% of households below 80% of the area median income spend 8.9%, and 30% of households fall in groups averaging 6% or more, the usual line for a high burden (DOE LEAD Tool, 2022 update, built from 2018 to 2022 survey data).

Source: PUCO certified territories via ODOT · HIFLD retail service territories (EIA Form 861) · 2020 census blocks · outage statistics from EIA-861 Reliability, 2024 with 2023 where a utility skipped a year (SAIDI and SAIFI, IEEE 1366) · residential prices from EIA-861 Sales to Ultimate Customers, net metering and advanced meters from the EIA-861 files of the same years · DOE LEAD Tool 2022 household energy burden by tract, apportioned into ZIPs by block population · PUCO electricity · ODOT territories service · EIA-861 · DOE LEAD Tool · HIFLD retail service territories

Natural gas here

41% of the 3,313 homes here heat with utility gas.

Utility gas 41%Electricity 31%Propane or LP 15%Oil, wood, other 12%

• Pike Natural Gas Company small company75% of residents, main companyUtility Pipeline, Ltd. (UPL)
• Columbia Gas of Ohio regulated utility17% of residents, main companyNiSource Inc.
• CenterPoint Energy Ohio regulated utility9% of residents, main companyCenterPoint Energy, Inc.

Pipes under the street: Pike Natural Gas Company reported 307 miles of distribution main to PHMSA for 2025, 56% plastic and 0.0% cast iron or bare steel (the leak-prone materials); 17 hazardous leaks repaired in 2025.

PUCO lists 2 companies operating in Highland County: CenterPoint Energy Ohio, Pike Natural Gas Company.

Source: PUCO gas distribution companies by county, April 2026 · federal (EIA) territory polygons, 2016 · Census ACS 2020 to 2024 heating fuel · PUCO natural gas · HIFLD

Power plants

Nearest plant of any size: Fayette Solar, 2.5 mi (solar, 45 MW).

2 plants within 10 miles totalling 165 MW: 2 solar (165 MW). Inside this ZIP: Ross County Solar, LLC (solar, 120 MW); Fayette Solar (solar, 45 MW).

Solar: Ross County Solar, LLC, 120 MW AC (2025), 622 acres, 2.5 mi away; 2 utility-scale solar farms within 15 miles, inside the ZIP: Fayette Solar, Ross County Solar, LLC.

Capacity is net summer capacity in megawatts (EIA), not output; a solar farm's 200 MW runs a quarter of the hours a gas plant's would. Small peaking engines and landfill-gas units count as plants.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration Form 860 plant inventory via HIFLD (February 2025); USGS U.S. Wind Turbine Database and U.S. Large-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Database; NRC emergency planning zones around Perry and Davis-Besse (residents inside the roughly 10-mile zone counted by 2020 census block); straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center · EIA-860 · HIFLD · USGS wind turbines · USGS solar · NRC emergency planning zones

Gas transmission pipelines

No transmission line crosses this ZIP.

Transmission lines run at hundreds of pounds of pressure and are inspected under federal rules; the distribution mains that actually feed homes are a separate, denser network not shown here. By mileage in this EIA layer Ohio's map is dominated by Columbia Gas Transmission and East Ohio Gas's intrastate lines; Texas Eastern and the Rover and Nexus lines built for Utica shale gas are among the other large interstate systems.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration Natural Gas Interstate and Intrastate Pipelines layer (data last updated July 2025, pulled September 2026), via the ArcGIS Online copy maintained by Esri's Federal User Community; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center; lengths clipped to the ZIP boundary in an equal-area projection · EIA U.S. Energy Atlas · ArcGIS Online item

Incumbent telephone company

• Frontier North89% of residentsFrontier
• AT&T Ohio11% of residentsIncumbent local exchange carrier

ZIP codes and exchange areas do not share boundaries, so this ZIP is split between them.

Source: PUCO incumbent local exchange carrier service areas · 2020 census blocks · PUCO telephone

Internet

Served, 100/20 Mbps or better 68%Underserved, 25/3 to 100/20 4%Unserved, under 25/3 28%

Fiber reaches 1% of locations, cable 65%; a year earlier 69% were served.

Of 3,313 households, 61% subscribe to cable, fiber or DSL, 14% rely on a cellular plan only, and 16% have no internet at home.

Measured by Ookla speed tests, April to June 2025: typical fixed download 263.3 Mbps, upload 46 Mbps, 21 ms latency, across 213 tests from up to 77 devices in 50 map tiles.

Source: FCC Broadband Data Collection, June 2024 (availability) · Census ACS 2020 to 2024 (subscriptions) · Ookla Open Data, fixed-network speed tests by tile, 2025 Q2 (measured speeds) · FCC broadband map · Ookla open data · Census ACS

Cell signal

• AT&T4G 98% · 5G 87%
• T-Mobile4G 98% · 5G 90%
• Verizon4G 98% · 5G 33%

Registered towers: 9 antenna structures registered with the FCC inside this ZIP and 5 within 3 miles of its center; the tallest inside is a 499-foot tower. Only structures over 200 feet or near airports must register, so most cell sites on short poles, water towers and rooftops are not counted.

Measured mobile speeds (Ookla speed tests, April to June 2026): typical download 382 Mbps, upload 29.7 Mbps, latency 31 ms over 32 tests from up to 10 devices in 9 map tiles.

Coverage as the carriers report it to the FCC for outdoor use at a stationary spot, by land area rather than by residents; indoor signal and rural hollows can be worse.

Source: FCC Mobile Broadband Data Collection via Esri Living Atlas (layer last updated November 2025, i.e. the June 30, 2025 filing round), carrier-reported outdoor coverage by hexagon, summed over the ZIP's land; FCC Antenna Structure Registration database, September 2026; Ookla open data mobile tiles, 2026 Q2 · FCC broadband map · FCC antenna registration · Ookla open data

EV charging

No public station inside this ZIP; the nearest of any kind is Washington Court House, 13.2 mi. 0 stations within 5 miles of the ZIP's population center, 0 with DC fast charging.

Level 2 adds roughly 20 to 30 miles of range an hour; DC fast charging fills most cars in under an hour. Listings are operator-reported and lag new openings and closures.

Source: NREL Alternative Fuels Data Center via the U.S. DOT Bureau of Transportation Statistics (public, open electric stations, the posts at one site merged, restricted-access sites excluded), and chargers in neighbouring states near the border; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center; station list as of May 29, 2026 · Alternative Fuels Data Center · BTS Alternative Fueling Stations (NTAD)

Public transit

0 stops inside this ZIP; the nearest stop is 12.6 mi from the population center.

Only fixed-route systems that publish a GTFS feed appear; dial-a-ride and demand-response services do not, and a handful of small fixed-route systems publish no feed at all. The nearest stop may be across the state line, and the out-of-state set may be incomplete. Half a mile is roughly a ten-minute walk.

Source: USDOT Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transit Map stops (National Transportation Atlas Database, 2025 vintage, fetched September 2026), plus the Springfield, Lancaster-Fairfield, Knox County Transit, WayGo and BGSU Shuttle GTFS feeds; share of 2020 census block population within half a mile of a stop · BTS National Transit Map · BTS transportation atlas · Springfield City Area Transit GTFS feed · Lancaster-Fairfield Public Transit GTFS feed · Knox County Transit GTFS feed · WayGo GTFS feed · BGSU Shuttle GTFS feed

Walkability

Street grid

41 intersections per square mile, a mix of grid and cul-de-sacs

Transit

no stop within three-quarters of a mile in the EPA's 2020 transit file

Mix of uses

employment mix 0.50 and mix of homes and job types 0.49 on the EPA's 0 to 1 scales, where 1 is the most varied

Car-free households

8.4% of households have no vehicle (Census ACS 2020 to 2024)

The index scores every block group on intersection density, distance to transit and how mixed its jobs and homes are, then ranks them against the whole country. It measures the street pattern, not sidewalks, safety or hills.

Source: EPA National Walkability Index (Smart Location Database 3.0, 2021) by census block group, population-weighted to the ZIP through 2020 census blocks; car-free households from Census ACS 2020 to 2024 table B25044 (the Homes card), or, where that is missing, the Smart Location Database's own 2014 to 2018 share weighted by households · EPA walkability index · Smart Location Database · Census ACS

Rail crossings

0 with gates; railroads: Indiana & Ohio Railway (9). The railroad reports no through or switching trains a day at any of these crossings (fewer than one a day, or the line is idle); fastest line 25 mph.

Highland County has logged 1 rail accident since 2010, 0 of them derailments (FRA Form 54). Yard mishaps at walking speed dominate; main-line derailments are the rare, dangerous ones.

Train counts and speeds are the railroad's last inventory update. Crossings with only crossbucks rely on the driver; Ohio has averaged about 77 crossing collisions a year from 2010 to 2025 (FRA Form 57), between 64 and 87 in a year.

Source: Federal Railroad Administration, Grade Crossing Inventory (Form 71, current records); crossings whose point falls inside the ZIP boundary, closed crossings excluded; nearest crossing measured from the population-weighted center. Collisions are FRA Form 57 crossing incidents since 2010, placed by crossing id through the inventory's coordinates; train accidents are FRA Form 54 rail equipment accidents since 2010, placed by their own reported coordinates, counted one per incident rather than one per report (county totals from the same file). All three pulled from data.transportation.gov, September 2026 · FRA crossing inventory (Form 71, current) · FRA crossing incidents (Form 57) · FRA rail equipment accidents (Form 54) · FRA safety data · DOT open data

Bridges

Age

typical bridge built 1971, 2 built before 1950; oldest 1900, Wolfe Rd over Stone Run

Busiest

SR 28 over Paint Creek & R.R., 6,362 vehicles a day (2015 count)

Owners

county 15, state 14

Rated poor

SR 41 over Buck Run (1982, 2,383 a day)

Ratings come from the inspection every bridge gets at least every two years; poor means deterioration that needs repair, not imminent danger. FHWA's file is a yearly snapshot with inspections through early 2025, so a bridge replaced, re-rated or closed since then still shows its old rating here; ODOT's TIMS bridge inventory carries the current one. Traffic figures are the average daily counts the bridge owners filed with the inventory; most Ohio counts date from 2015 and some are older. County engineers own most of Ohio's small bridges and ODOT the big ones.

Source: Federal Highway Administration, National Bridge Inventory 2025 (Ohio file); structures whose point falls inside the ZIP boundary; condition from NBI items 58, 59, 60 and 62 (deck, superstructure, substructure, culvert) · FHWA bridge inventory · ODOT TIMS bridge inventory (live)

Traffic

Trucks

579 a day on SR 28, 7% of its traffic

Driving

about 127K vehicle-miles a day on the 263 counted segments inside the ZIP; the typical segment carries 960 vehicles

Busiest local road

city street 189, 2,860 vehicles a day

Annual average daily traffic is both directions combined, averaged over the year. County, township and city roads are labelled by their route number, which ODOT uses instead of the street name. Most city streets have no count, so the busiest local road is the busiest counted one. Interchange ramps are left out of the busiest-road pick; a ZIP with nothing but ramps shows one labelled ramp and its ODOT number.

Road deaths: 5 people died in 5 crashes inside this ZIP in 2020 to 2024; 1 involved a drinking driver and 2 happened in the dark. That is 11.4 deaths a year per 100,000 residents against 10.6 across Ohio's ZIPs; deaths are counted where the crash happened, and many who die live elsewhere. (NHTSA FARS)

Source: ODOT traffic count segments, 2025 annual average daily traffic (ODOT TIMS); segments assigned to the ZIP holding their midpoint; NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System 2020 to 2024, crashes placed by their coordinates · ODOT TIMS traffic count segments · NHTSA FARS

Airports and trains

Nearest airfield

Highland County (HOC), Hillsboro, 13.5 mi, public use

Amtrak

South Shore-South Portsmouth station, 49 mi (South Shore, KY)

Ohio's Amtrak stops are on the Floridian (Amtrak has temporarily combined the Capitol Limited with the Silver Star), the Lake Shore Limited and the Cardinal, all overnight trains; Cincinnati's only calls three times a week. Amtrak's Thruway bus stops, Dayton-Trotwood among them, are not counted as stations here. Airline service at Toledo and Rickenbacker is limited to a few routes; Youngstown-Warren has had no airline flights since 2018.

Source: FAA airport facilities and Amtrak stations via USDOT BTS National Transportation Atlas; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center · BTS transportation atlas

Radon in this ZIP

50% of tests at or above EPA's 4 pCi/L action level · median 3.0 · highest 27.3

A ZIP average says nothing about one house; readings next door can differ tenfold. Test yours, and fix it at 4 pCi/L or more.

Source: odh.ohio.gov radon levels by ZIP code, tests since 2010, before mitigation · ODH radon program

Flood zones

5.3% of the ZIP's land is in that floodplain. Zones mapped here: A.

Design storms (NOAA Atlas 14): a 100-year storm here drops 5.9 inches in 24 hours (2.9 in a single hour, 4.5 in six); a 2-year storm 2.7, 10-year 3.9, 25-year 4.6, 500-year 7.7 inches in 24 hours. Storm sewers, culverts and detention ponds are sized from these numbers, and a "100-year" storm has a 1% chance every year.

Nearest river gauge: Paint Creek near Greenfield OH, 2.4 mi away, draining 249 square miles. Record flow 21,700 cubic feet a second at a stage of 14.28 ft on 1968-05-24; the highest since 2016 was 6,880 on 2022-02-17 (USGS, 73 annual peaks, 1926 to 2025).

No federal flood insurance policy is in force in this ZIP.

1 federal flood insurance claim from this ZIP since 1978, 1 since 2010, with no recorded payment; the worst year was 2017 with 1 claim.

Community status: Greenfield takes part in the National Flood Insurance Program; flood map effective 03/03/11(M). Highland County's unincorporated areas do not take part in the National Flood Insurance Program, and are sanctioned, so federally backed mortgages there cannot carry flood insurance; flood map effective 11/19/21.

Lenders require flood insurance on mortgaged homes in the 1% zone (zones A and AE). Block centers understate narrow floodplains in rural areas, so check the FEMA map for a specific address.

Source: FEMA National Flood Hazard Layer (effective flood insurance rate maps, levee centerlines) · 2020 census block centers · ZIP land area by polygon overlay, open water excluded; NOAA Atlas 14 precipitation frequency at the ZIP center; USGS NWIS annual peak flows; OpenFEMA NFIP policies in force by reported ZIP as of September 2026, NFIP redacted claims and the Community Status Book · FEMA flood hazard layer · FEMA Map Service Center · OpenFEMA · NOAA Atlas 14 · USGS stream gauges

Natural hazard risk

• Drought95
• Ice storm88

FEMA's expected annual loss here from all hazards: $2.5 million a year in buildings, crops and lives.

The index blends how often a hazard strikes, what it would cost, and how vulnerable and resilient the community is. Inland flooding (rivers and heavy rain) scores 63, tornado 68, winter weather 72.

Source: FEMA National Risk Index, census tracts, December 2025 release, weighted to this ZIP by 2020 block population · FEMA National Risk Index · NRI census tract layer (ArcGIS)

Climate

Temperature

51.8°F average; typical January low 20°, July high 84°

Hot and cold days

12 days a year reach 90°F; 115 nights fall below freezing, 4 below 0°F; 29 days never climb above freezing

Rain and snow

40.8 inches of precipitation on 83 days with a tenth of an inch or more; 18 inches of snow on 7 days with an inch or more, snow on the ground 21 days

Degree days

5,615 heating, 830 cooling (base 65°F): the higher the heating number, the bigger the winter gas bill

Drought (U.S. Drought Monitor): since 2020 Highland County has spent 26 weeks in moderate drought or worse, 7 of them severe or worse (most recently 7 weeks in 2024), and 55 weeks at least abnormally dry. The worst since 2000 was extreme drought in 2024/09; 7% of all weeks since 2000 were in drought. As of 2026-09-01: no drought.

Long run (NOAA, Highland County): the average year ran 53.2 °F over 1996 to 2025 against 51.2 °F over 1901 to 1930, 2.1 °F warmer (1.8 °F warmer than 1951 to 1980); the warmest year on record was 2024 at 55.8 °F, and 2025 came in at 52.9 °F. Precipitation averaged 45.8 inches a year lately against 42.7 a century ago, 7% more; the wettest year was 2011 with 60.7 inches, and 2025 brought 49.9. More rain in bigger bursts is what strains storm sewers and septic fields.

Stations: Washington Court House (13.1 mi, temperature and precipitation and snowfall; 13 years of snowfall record). Normals are thirty-year averages, so a single winter can run far above or below them; NOAA marks this snowfall normal provisional because the station record is too short or too patchy for a standard normal, and the temperature and precipitation figures here skip stations with under 10 years.

Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, U.S. Climate Normals 1991-2020 (annual/seasonal and monthly); nearest reporting station to the ZIP's population-weighted center for each element; U.S. Drought Monitor county statistics · NOAA climate normals · NOAA climate at a glance · U.S. Drought Monitor

Air quality

Worst days

98th-percentile day 20.5 µg/m³ (24-hour standard 35)

Ozone

68 ppb, 4th-highest daily 8-hour reading at Wilmington, 21.9 mi away (standard 70)

County AQI

Highland County has no monitor of its own, so EPA publishes no daily index for it

Air toxics

30 in a million lifetime cancer risk from outdoor air toxics across Highland County (EPA AirToxScreen 2020), mostly formaldehyde (18) and carbon tetrachloride (3)

Permitted sources

3 permitted air sources inside this ZIP under the Clean Air Act, 1 synthetic minor; none had a violation in the last 3 years. Nearest major source Fiber-Tech Industries Inc in Washington Court House, 13 mi (4 permanently closed sources also on file) (EPA ECHO)

Air standards

Highland County meets every national air quality standard and carries no maintenance plan (EPA Green Book)

Ohio has 38 PM2.5 monitors, mostly in cities and near industry, so a rural ZIP borrows a reading from far away. 2025 includes Canadian wildfire smoke days. Air-toxics risk is EPA's modelled lifetime estimate for the county as a whole; EPA's national average is about 30 in a million, and formaldehyde, with the globally mixed carbon tetrachloride background and acetaldehyde, makes up most of it.

Source: EPA Air Quality System, 2025 annual summary files (monitor annual concentrations, county AQI) and the 2026 daily county AQI file; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center to the nearest monitor · EPA air data files · EPA AirToxScreen · EPA Green Book · EPA ECHO

Toxic and Superfund sites

2 facilities have reported toxic chemical releases or transfers to EPA's inventory from inside this ZIP, and 0 sites appear in the Superfund program's list (most assessed and never listed).

56 EPA-registered facilities of all kinds in this ZIP: 0 brownfield sites in the cleanup program, 19 hazardous-waste handlers, 9 with air permits, 6 with water discharge permits.

Nearest landfill: Triangle Landfill Inc, 4.4 mi from the center, municipal solid waste landfill (closed), 1 inside this ZIP. Ohio EPA's list includes closed and historic dumps.

Solid waste: no licensed solid waste facility inside this ZIP; nearest Duncan Farms (compost site), 10.7 mi from the center; 0 within 5 miles of the center (Ohio EPA licences, 2026). Compost sites and transfer stations are where most of a county's trash and yard waste actually goes.

Hazardous waste (EPA ECHO): 7 active RCRA handlers inside this ZIP; none had a violation in the last 3 years. Nearest treatment, storage or disposal facility: Ekc Advanced Electronics USA LLC in Circleville, 27.1 mi. Handlers include every business that generates hazardous waste, from body shops to chemical plants.

Underground tanks: 7 sites with 20 registered underground storage tanks in use (51 more tanks closed over the years); 23 leaking-tank releases on record, 3 open at the time, 7 inside a drinking-water source protection area; 3 reported since 2015, the latest in 2018 (EPA UST Finder, Ohio records as of 2018-2019).

Drop-off sites: the nearest scrap tire drop-off is Buck's Tire Service, Greenfield, 0.3 mi away (1 inside this ZIP); the nearest household battery drop-off is The Home Depot, Washington Court House, 12.4 mi away (3 within 15 mi) (Ohio EPA).

The inventory covers larger manufacturers and federal facilities that use listed chemicals; reporting means use or release, not a measured hazard to neighbours. Superfund status: on, proposed for, or deleted from the list after cleanup.

Source: EPA Facility Registry Service, Superfund (SEMS and NPL) sites and Toxics Release Inventory reporters, points inside the ZIP boundary; distance from the ZIP's population-weighted center · EPA Facility Registry · EPA Superfund sites · Ohio EPA cleanup sites · EPA UST Finder · EPA ECHO

Toxic releases

Where it went

121 lb to the air, 0 lb to surface water, 1 lb to land or underground injection; another 0 lb was shipped off site for disposal or release

Chemicals

Toluene diisocyanate (mixed isomers) 122 lb (carcinogen)

Carcinogens

122 lb of the on-site releases were chemicals EPA lists as carcinogens

Facilities

Adient Us Llc (Plastics and Rubber): 122 lb, mostly Toluene diisocyanate (mixed isomers)

Trend

133 lb on site in 2020, so down 8% over four years

Pounds are what facilities report, not what reaches anyone: a ton of ammonia to the air and an ounce of mercury to a river are not the same risk. Off-site transfers go mostly to landfills and treatment plants elsewhere.

Source: EPA Toxics Release Inventory, basic data files for Ohio, reporting years 2020 to 2024 (2024 shown); facilities placed by their coordinates; dioxin rows reported in grams are left out of the pound totals · EPA TRI data files

Dams

Nearest high-hazard dam: Paint Creek Dam, 7 mi, condition not available (flood risk reduction, 118 ft high, 145K acre-feet, built 1973, on Paint Creek, federal owned).

No inventoried dam sits inside this ZIP.

"High hazard" describes what a failure would do downstream, not the dam's shape; Ohio rates more than a third of its inventoried dams in poor condition, mostly small private lake dams. Emergency action plans are required for high-hazard dams.

Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Inventory of Dams (August 2026 release); straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center. Condition assessments come from Ohio's dam safety program. · National Inventory of Dams

Disasters on record

Strongest nearby: EF2 on 2021-10-15, 0.86 mi track.

15 federal declarations for Highland County since Ohio's first in 1956 (10 major disasters): severe storm 6, flood 2, biological 2. Latest: Covid-19 Pandemic (2020).

3 earthquakes of magnitude 2 or more within 25 miles since 1970, the largest M3.6 8 km SSE of Rocky Fork Point, Ohio in 1995.

Warnings since 2015 (National Weather Service, Highland County): 32 tornado warnings (2015: 2, 2016: 1, 2017: 2, 2018: 1, 2019: 1, 2020: 3, 2021: 1, 2022: 2, 2023: 7, 2024: 2, 2025: 5, 2026: 5), 237 severe thunderstorm warnings, 25 flash flood warnings, 14 flood warnings and 132 flood advisories, 17 winter storm or blizzard warnings, 40 heat warnings or advisories, 4 extreme cold or wind chill warnings, 6 snow squall warnings; 1,084 products in all.

Mitigation grants (FEMA): 1 hazard mitigation project in Highland County since 2004, worth $26,544 ($19,067 federal); mostly mitigation planning. Largest: mitigation planning for Highland (County), $26,544 (fiscal 2004).

Disaster aid to households: 15 households in this ZIP registered with FEMA after 3 declared disasters; 9 were approved for $58,851 of housing and other-needs help. Registrations by event: COVID-19 pandemic (2020): 12; severe winter storms, flooding and mudslides (2005): 2; severe storms, flooding, mudslides and landslides (2004): 1.

160 severe weather reports for Highland County since 2016 in NOAA's Storm Events log: 98 damaging thunderstorm wind, 18 flash floods, 18 river and street flooding, 17 hail. Largest hail 2.5 in (May 16, 2025); strongest measured gust 61 mph (Jun 10, 2020); about $2.3 million in reported damage, the costliest being tornadoes on Mar 3, 2023 ($1.0M). Zone-wide advisories add 32 winter weather, 12 winter storms, 5 high wind.

Tornado tracks are straight lines from touchdown to lift-off; a near miss counts, a direct hit is not distinguished. Declarations include the 2020 COVID-19 emergency for every county; the latest, declared 2 May 2024 (DR-4777), covers the 14 March 2024 tornadoes in eleven counties, Indian Lake among them.

Source: NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database 1950-2025; OpenFEMA disaster declarations summaries; USGS earthquake catalog (M2+, 1970 to date); NOAA Storm Events database 2016 to 2026 by county. Distances from the ZIP's population-weighted center. · NOAA SPC tornado data · OpenFEMA · USGS earthquakes · NOAA storm events · IEM warning archive

Spills and releases

What spilled

industrial, farm and drilling chemicals (2), diesel and fuel oil (1), oils and hydraulic fluid (1)

Largest

about 70 gallons of bentonite / drilling mud in 2023, Paint Twp

Reached water

none reached a waterway

By year

2021: 1, 2022: 1, 2023: 3, 2024: 0, 2025: 0, 2026: 1

Anyone who spills more than a reportable quantity must call Ohio EPA within 30 minutes, so the log mixes a few gallons of diesel on a highway shoulder with real releases; the reported volume is the caller's first estimate. Every report in Ohio EPA's open-data layer carries coordinates; air-pollution complaints and calls where nothing was found are left out of this count.

Source: Ohio EPA Emergency Response spill reports (Spills2 open data), reports with coordinates inside the ZIP boundary, 2021 to date · Ohio EPA spills data · Ohio EPA Office of Emergency Response

Oil and gas wells

Status

0 producing, 7 plugged or abandoned, the rest drilled but idle, gas storage, orphan, expired permits or unknown

Ohio has drilled since 1860, so most wells here are old, shallow and plugged; unplugged orphans and injection wells are the ones that matter for groundwater. Well-head points can be a few hundred feet off for the oldest records.

Source: Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Oil and Gas Resources Management, public well inventory (well-head points); counts inside the ZIP boundary and within 1 mile of the ZIP's population-weighted center · ODNR oil and gas · ODNR GIS services

Abandoned mines

Undermined land can subside and old workings can discharge acid mine water; ODNR's Abandoned Mine Land program funds repairs, and mine-subsidence insurance is included automatically in 26 eastern counties and offered as an option in 11 more. Maps drawn before 1977 are incomplete, so "none" means none mapped.

Quarries, pits and working mines: nearest Calvin's Hauling, Inc. (sand & gravel, Calvin's Hauling, Inc., 5,000 tons sold), 11.3 mi away in Ross County; 0 within 3 miles, 0 within 10 (ODNR Industrial Minerals Locations, 2015, which includes surface and underground coal mines).

Source: Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Mines of Ohio (abandoned underground mine maps, coal and industrial minerals, pre-1977), overlaid on the ZIP boundary in an equal-area projection · ODNR mines of Ohio · ODNR Geological Survey

Soils and septic

Soil

Miamian-Urban land complex, gently sloping; Miamian makes up 60% of the unit, 4% slope

Water

well drained; flooding none, ponding none

Septic

Not limited for a leach field under Ohio's rule (very limited under the national rule)

Basements

Not limited for dwellings with basements

Farmland

Not prime farmland

Elevation

935 feet above sea level at the ZIP's population center; Ohio runs from 455 feet where the Ohio River leaves the state to 1,549 feet at Campbell Hill

One point stands for the ZIP; soils change field by field, and a site evaluation is what the health department goes by. "Very limited" means the standard design will not work, not that nothing will.

Source: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, SSURGO soil survey via Soil Data Access; the map unit at the ZIP's population-weighted center and its dominant component's interpretations; Copernicus GLO-90 elevation model (via Open-Meteo) at that center · USDA Soil Data Access · Web Soil Survey · Open-Meteo elevation

Parks and public land

Paint Creek Recreation Area

recreation area, 7,256 acres inside the ZIP

Paint Creek State Park

state recreation area, 1,945 acres inside the ZIP

Nearest state park: Paint Creek State Park, 4.3 mi.

Protected land: 11.2% of this ZIP (7,766 acres) is in the USGS Protected Areas Database inventory of fee-owned parks, preserves and recreation land (public agencies, land trusts, and private clubs, camps and utility land, as their owners report it): 7,260 acres federal, 306 acres state, 172 acres private, 29 acres local. Largest: Paint Creek Recreation Area (Army Corps of Engineers), 7,260 acres; Paint Creek Lake Wildlife Area (ODNR), 197 acres; Buckeye Hills Country Club (private owner), 172 acres. 11% of the ZIP is protected land open to the public.

Trails: no built named trail crosses this ZIP; 24 miles more are proposed or planned; nearest is the American Discovery Trail, 15.4 mi from the ZIP's center (ODNR statewide trails inventory).

Open access as reported by each owner; local inventories vary, so a golf course or school field can be listed and a new park missed.

State lands nearby (ODNR facility layers): nearest boat ramp: Paint Creek State Park - Rattlesnake Ramp at Paint Creek State Park, 5.3 mi (0 within 5 miles); fishing access: Fishing Access at Paint Creek State Park, 5.9 mi (0 within 5 miles); swim area: Boat Swim Area at Paint Creek State Park, 7.6 mi (0 within 5 miles); campground: Campground/Campsite at Paint Creek State Park, 5.4 mi (0 within 5 miles).

Source: USGS Protected Areas Database of the United States 4.1 (open-access fee, designation and easement polygons), overlaid on the ZIP boundary; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center to the nearest ODNR state park · USGS PAD-US · ODNR GIS services

Wetlands

231 acres forested/shrub wetland, 161 acres pond, 54 acres emergent wetland. Largest single wetland: 23 acres of freshwater forested/shrub wetland.

Vernal pools: 8 potential high-quality vernal pools covering 8.2 acres lie inside this ZIP (Ohio EPA screening): seasonal woodland pools that dry by summer, hold no fish, and are where salamanders and fairy shrimp breed.

High-quality wetlands: nearest is Yoctangee Park and Annex (City of Chillicothe), 14 acres, 21.7 mi away; 0 within 10 miles.

Mitigation sites: nearest Red Stone Farm, 13.7 mi away (a mitigation bank); 0 within 10 miles. These are wetlands and streams built or restored to replace ones filled under Clean Water Act permits.

Mapped from aerial photography, mostly 2004 to 2007 (the Lake Erie watersheds were re-mapped from 2021 imagery, a few areas date from 1976 to 2005 or 2014 to 2023), so small and seasonal wetlands are undercounted and ponds dug or filled since then are missing; a site delineation decides whether a lot is jurisdictional. Emergent means marsh, forested and shrub means swamp.

Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wetlands Inventory (Ohio geodatabase), freshwater wetland and pond polygons clipped to the ZIP boundary; lakes and river channels excluded, imagery mostly 2004 to 2007 (Lake Erie basin 2021) · USFWS wetlands inventory · Ohio EPA GIS services

Land cover

Developed

6.5%: 1% medium (apartments, small-lot houses), 2% low (houses on larger lots), 3.4% open space (lawns, parks, golf courses, road verges)

Farmland

71%: 52% row crops, 19% pasture and hay

Crops 2025

of 36,259 cropped acres, 60% soybeans, 28% corn, 1% wheat and small grains (plus 5% wheat followed by soybeans, counted under soybeans), 5% hay and alfalfa, 6% vegetables, orchards, fallow and other crops; 14,656 acres of pasture and grass (USDA Cropland Data Layer)

Forest

20%, plus 0.5% grass and shrub

Water and wetland

1.2% open water, 0.2% wetland

Paved and roofed

2% of the ZIP's surface is impervious; rain that lands there runs straight to a storm drain or stream instead of soaking in

Tree canopy

16% of the ZIP sits under tree canopy

Area

106.7 square miles of land

Land cover is classified from Landsat imagery at 30 metre pixels, so a house on a wooded lot can read as forest and a farm lane as open space. Stream health starts to slip once about 10% of a watershed is impervious, and is usually poor above 25%.

Source: National Land Cover Database 2021 (USGS and the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium): land cover, percent impervious surface and tree canopy at 30 m, summarised over the ZIP boundary · NLCD · USDA Cropland Data Layer · ODNR pre-settlement vegetation

People

Education

13.8% of adults 25+ hold a bachelor's degree or higher, 6.1% a graduate degree; 56% stopped at high school or earlier

Ages

27.5% under 18, 15.6% 65 or older

Race and origin

90.6% white, 3.1% Black, 1.5% Hispanic or Latino, 0.2% Asian, 4.6% other or two or more races

Born abroad

0.6% of residents (54 people); largest countries of birth: Mexico (24)

Veterans

4.8% of adults

Households

2.6 people per household on average; 27% of households are one person living alone, 51% married couples

Who lives here

35% of households include children, 35% someone 65 or over and 16.2% are a senior living alone; of people 15 and over, 54% are married, 27% never married, 12% divorced and 7% widowed

Poverty

17.6% of residents live below the poverty line, 29.3% of children and 19.1% of people 65 and over; the Gini index of income inequality is 0.42 (0 would mean every household earns the same, 1 that one household earns everything). County-wide, the Census Bureau's 2024 estimate is 14.6% (17.1% of children) with a median household income of $62,366 (SAIPE)

Ancestry

most often reported: German 13%, American 13%, English 12%

Movers

11.6% of residents lived somewhere else a year earlier, 1.0% in another state and 0.1% abroad

Language

0.0% of households speak limited English; 1.2% speak Spanish at home

Group quarters

104 of the 8,776 people counted here in 2020 (1.2%) lived in group quarters: 90 in nursing facilities, 14 in other group housing such as shelters, group homes and worker dormitories (2020 Census)

Moving

1,835 people moved into Highland County between the returns they filed in 2022 and 2023 and 1,709 moved out (net +126, 32,724 stayed put); most arrivals came from Clinton, OH (321), Fayette, OH (237), Ross, OH (159); most leavers went to Clinton, OH (283), Fayette, OH (184), Brown, OH (146) (IRS)

Metro or rural

USDA rural-urban continuum code 6 of 9 for Highland County: nonmetro - urban population of 5,000 to 20,000, adjacent to a metro area

Nonprofits

48 tax-exempt organizations registered to addresses in this ZIP, 3 of them reporting $1 million or more in income; 85% are 501(c)(3) charities and 35% churches or religious groups; largest: Greenfield Area Medical Center ($28 million), Veterans Of Foreign Wars Of The United States Department Of Ohio ($6 million), Reach For Tomorrow Inc ($4 million) (IRS)

County growth

Highland County went from 43,317 people in April 2020 to 43,823 in July 2025 (+1.2%): 2,603 births, 2,950 deaths and a net +808 from migration since 2020; in 2025 alone a net 139 moved in from elsewhere in the U.S. and 1 arrived from abroad (Census estimates)

Since 1900

First counted in 1810 with 5,766 people and 25,781 by 1850, Highland County counted 30,982 people in 1900, 28,188 in 1950, 28,996 in 1970, 40,853 in 2000 and 43,317 in 2020; it has never been larger than today (1.4 times its 1900 size, decennial censuses)

Commuting area: USDA classes this ZIP as a small town of 2,500 to 10,000 (rural-urban commuting area code 7 of 10, 2020 edition).

Race shares follow the Census categories, with Hispanic origin counted separately from race. Five-year averages centered on 2022. Moves count people on tax returns whose address changed county, so students and the very poor are undercounted.

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020 to 2024 five-year estimates by ZIP Code Tabulation Area (tables B15003, B03002, B05002, B21001, B01001, B25010, B11001, B17001, B19083, B04006, B07003, C16002, B05006, B11005, B11007, B12001); county population estimates, vintage 2025; IRS exempt organization master file; USDA rural-urban continuum codes 2023; USDA ERS rural-urban commuting area codes 2020; 2020 Census PL 94-171 redistricting file, group quarters (table P5); IRS Statistics of Income county migration, returns filed in 2022 and 2023; Census SAIPE 2024 county poverty and median income; decennial county counts from the Census Bureau report Population of States and Counties of the United States 1790 to 1990 · Census ACS · Census population estimates · IRS migration data · USDA ERS county codes · USDA ERS commuting area codes · 2020 Census redistricting data · Census SAIPE · IRS exempt organizations

Jobs and commuting

Largest employers by sector: Health care and social assistance 559, Manufacturing 390, Education 294. 49% of local jobs pay over $3,333 a month, and 52% of residents' jobs do.

Businesses: 134 establishments with 1,773 employees and $77 million a year in payroll in 2023, 4 of them with 100 or more workers; most common: retail (27), health care and social assistance (16), restaurants and hotels (16), construction (14) (ZIP Business Patterns).

Workplace safety (OSHA): 8 inspections of workplaces in this ZIP since 2020 (4 after complaints, 1 planned); most inspected: Greenfield Precision Plastics Llc (3), Yoder Building Solutions Llc (2), United General Construction Llc (1). No worker death investigated since 2015.

County labor market: Highland County's unemployment rate was 4.0% in July 2026 (5.1% a year earlier), with 19,690 people in the labor force and 782 looking for work. Employers in the county paid an average of $924 a week in the first quarter of 2026 (up 4.3% on the year) to 10,997 workers at 858 establishments, employment up 2.7%; the largest private sectors are manufacturing (1,759 jobs, $1,133 a week), retail (1,644 jobs, $613 a week), health care and social assistance (1,231 jobs, $943 a week). (BLS)

Working-age residents: 62.6% of people 16 and over here are in the labor force, and 2.3% of the civilian labor force was unemployed, averaged over 2020 to 2024 (Census ACS). Residents' most common occupations: management and business 13%, production 12%, education, legal, community service and arts 9%; 10% are self-employed and 16% work for a government.

Federal money: in fiscal 2025 the federal government obligated $14 million in contracts performed in Highland County ($325 a resident) and $55 million in grants ($1,272 a resident) and $267 million in direct payments to people and organizations (USAspending; Social Security, Medicare and most benefits are not counted).

County economy: Highland County produced $1.4 billion of real GDP in 2024 (2017 dollars, up 7.4% since 2019); personal income came to $47,977 a person in 2024, 79th of Ohio's 88 counties and up 29% since 2019 before inflation (BEA).

County type (USDA ERS, 2015 codes): Highland County is a nonmetro county with a nonspecialized economy, with none of the ERS distress flags.

Opportunity zone: 36% of residents live in a census tract designated a federal Qualified Opportunity Zone in 2018, where investors who put capital gains into local projects get tax breaks (CDFI Fund list, 2010 tracts carried to 2020 boundaries).

How they get there: 79.7% drive alone, 11.4% carpool, 0% transit, 1.5% walk, 0% bike, 6.2% work from home (ACS).

Where residents work: 19% inside this ZIP; 8% in Washington Court House (43160), 8% in Chillicothe (45601), 7% in Hillsboro (45133) (shares of the 3,422 residents with an Ohio workplace).

Unemployment-insurance records tie each job to a workplace and a home address; large employers sometimes report every worker at a headquarters, which inflates a few ZIPs. Self-employment, the military, the Postal Service, most farm work and a large part of federal civilian employment are missing (federal jobs come from OPM records that omit several agencies and, in practice, most of Wright-Patterson).

Source: Census Bureau LEHD Origin-Destination Employment Statistics (LODES 8), 2023, all jobs; populated census blocks assigned to ZIP Code Tabulation Areas by interior point, workplace-only blocks by the majority ZCTA of their block group or tract; Census ZIP Code Business Patterns 2023; OSHA enforcement data via the Labor Department open data catalog; BLS county unemployment (LAUS) and wages (QCEW); Census ACS 2020 to 2024 labor force by ZIP Code Tabulation Area (B23025); USAspending federal awards by county, fiscal 2025; BEA county GDP and personal income · Census LEHD · BLS local unemployment · BLS QCEW · BEA county GDP · USAspending · OSHA enforcement data · Census ZIP Business Patterns · Census ACS · USDA ERS county typology · CDFI Fund Opportunity Zones

Upward mobility

Meaning

below the Ohio median: low-income children here mostly stayed in the lower half

Incarceration

3.84% of those children were in jail or prison on census day 2010

Coverage

100% of the ZIP's residents live in tracts with an estimate

The rank describes people born around 1980 who were children here in the 1980s and 1990s; neighbourhoods change, so it is a record of what the place did for one generation, not a forecast. Estimates for small tracts are noisy.

Source: Opportunity Atlas tract outcomes (Chetty, Friedman, Hendren, Jones and Porter, 2018; Census Bureau and IRS data for children born 1978 to 1983), population-weighted to ZIPs through 2020 census blocks · Opportunity Atlas · Opportunity Insights data

Social vulnerability

Socioeconomic status

53rd percentile: poverty, unemployment, housing cost burden, no high school diploma, no health insurance

Household characteristics

33rd: people 65 and over or 17 and under, disability, single-parent households, limited English

Racial and ethnic minority status

24th

Housing and transportation

72nd: multi-unit and mobile homes, crowding, no vehicle, group quarters

The index ranks tracts on how much help their residents would need in a disaster or disease outbreak, using American Community Survey 2018 to 2022 figures. Ranks are within Ohio; a ZIP is the average of its tracts weighted by residents.

Source: CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index 2022, census tracts ranked among Ohio tracts, population-weighted to the ZIP through 2020 census blocks · CDC/ATSDR SVI

Community health

Weight and activity

obesity 41.9%, no leisure-time physical activity 32.9%

Chronic conditions

diabetes 14.7%, high blood pressure 40.2%, COPD 10.8%, cancer (any but non-melanoma skin cancer) 9.4%

Habits

current smoking 20.5%, binge drinking 15.7%, short sleep 41.5%

Mind

depression 28.1%, frequent mental distress 19.9%, feeling lonely 34.6%

Access

uninsured under 65 9.3%, yearly checkup 78.2%, dental visit 55.3%

Hardship

any disability 34.5%, food insecurity 16.4%

Heart and lungs

current asthma 11.8%, coronary heart disease 8.4%, stroke 4.2%, arthritis 33.6%

Keeping up

79.6% of adults with high blood pressure take medicine for it, 84.1% had a cholesterol check in 5 years

Social needs

housing insecurity 12.3%, no reliable transportation 8.8%, utility shut-off threat 9.0%, lacking emotional support 22.0%

Provider shortage

100% live in an area HRSA designates a primary care shortage area for its low-income residents (score 15 of 25); 91% live in an area HRSA designates a dental shortage area for its low-income residents (score 17 of 26); 100% live in a designated mental health shortage area (score 11 of 25) (HRSA; higher scores mean greater need)

Coverage (Census)

11.7% of residents have no health insurance (12.3% of children); 27% are on Medicaid and 47% have coverage through an employer

Disability (Census)

14.9% of residents report a disability, 47% of those 65 and over

County (County Health Rankings 2025): Highland County sits in health group 6 of 10 among U.S. counties for population health (1 is healthiest) and group 6 for community conditions. Premature death 11,714 (Ohio 9,740) years of life lost before 75 per 100,000; one primary care doctor for every 3,613 people (Ohio 1,328), one mental health provider for every 415 people (Ohio 286), one dentist for every 2,066 people (Ohio 1,535); preventable hospital stays 2,332 (Ohio 3,033) per 100,000 Medicare enrollees; injury deaths 97.6 (Ohio 100.7) and suicides 14.7 (Ohio 14.7) per 100,000; infant deaths 9.3 (Ohio 7.0) per 1,000 births; teen births 24.3 (Ohio 17.4) per 1,000 girls 15 to 19; children in poverty 18.0 (Ohio 17.5) percent; fine-particle air pollution 8.3 (Ohio 7.8) micrograms per cubic metre; no community water system in the county had a health-based drinking water violation in 2023. Drug overdoses: 10 deaths in the 12 months ending February 2025 (10 a year earlier, 23 at the highest since 2020, in the 12 months ending May 2022), about 22.9 per 100,000 residents against 20.8 statewide in the 12 months ending December 2025; the county count has been suppressed (1 to 9 deaths) in every later month (CDC provisional counts).

Cancer (NCI State Cancer Profiles): Highland County records 481.1 new cancers a year per 100,000 people, age-adjusted, for 2018 to 2022 (Ohio 472.9, U.S. 448.6), about 279 cases a year, with the rate stable; cancer deaths 184.8 per 100,000 (Ohio 160.3, U.S. 145.4), stable. By site, per 100,000 (Ohio in parentheses): lung 85.9 (63.6), colorectal 42.9 (38.4), female breast 113.9 (133), prostate 96.5 (120.8), bladder 20 (21.8), leukemia 13.4 (13).

Medicare: 10,263 people in Highland County were on Medicare in 2025 (23% of residents): 8,734 aged 65 or over and 1,529 younger people with disabilities. 56% chose a Medicare Advantage plan, 20% also had Medicaid and 82% had Part D drug coverage; enrollment is up 4% since 2020 (CMS).

Modelled from a national telephone survey and the ZIP's demographics, so these are estimates of what residents would report, not counts of patients; small ZIPs carry wide margins.

Source: CDC PLACES, 2025 release (BRFSS 2023 and 2022, ACS 2019-2023), model-based ZCTA estimates of crude adult prevalence; County Health Rankings 2025 and CDC provisional overdose counts for the county; HRSA shortage area designations weighted to the ZIP; Census ACS 2020 to 2024 (insurance, disability); CMS Medicare Monthly Enrollment, county, 2025 · CDC PLACES · County Health Rankings · CDC overdose data · NCI cancer profiles · HRSA data

Life expectancy

Ohio's statewide figure for the same years was 77.6; the United States 78.7. Differences of a year or two between neighbouring ZIPs are within the estimates' error; differences of five or more are real and track income, smoking and access to care.

Source: CDC National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Small-area Life Expectancy Estimates Project (USALEEP), 2010-2015, census tracts weighted by 2020 block population · CDC USALEEP

Nearest hospital

25 beds · no trauma designation listed · 1 general or critical-access hospital within 10 miles, 5 within 25.

Medicare rating: not rated · emergency room: yes · typical ER visit 109 minutes door to discharge (Ohio median 155)

Patients' verdict: 73% would definitely recommend it, 85% rated their stay 9 or 10 out of 10 (48 surveys).

Outcomes: 30-day death rates after pneumonia 15.8% (about the national rate), July 2022 to June 2025 (Medicare).

Community health center: 1 inside this ZIP, nearest Highland Health Providers - Greenfield Medical Services, Greenfield, 0.4 mi away; 1 within 3 miles, 2 within 10. These federally funded clinics see anyone and charge on a sliding scale.

Veterans: nearest VA site is Chillicothe VA Mobile Clinic, Chillicothe (other outpatient site), 20.5 mi away; 0 VA sites within 10 miles, 3 within 25.

Providers: 224 active health care providers list a practice address in this ZIP: 18 physicians, 9 nurse practitioners and physician assistants, 4 dentists, 77 mental health professionals, 4 pharmacies, 1 hospital, 8 nursing or assisted-living facilities, 4 home health or hospice agencies; most common physician specialties: Family Medicine (10), Internal Medicine (3), Emergency Medicine (2) (NPPES registry, August 2026).

Dialysis: nearest Fmc - Washington Courthouse, Washington Court House, 14.1 mi away, 12 stations, Medicare ★☆☆☆☆ (Fresenius Medical Care); 0 within 5 miles, 1 within 15.

Source: federal HIFLD hospital inventory (via FEMA) with Medicare Care Compare star ratings, emergency-service flags, median emergency department times (measure OP_18b), HCAHPS patient survey results and 30-day death rates and patient-safety composites (Complications and Deaths file; a campus with no record of its own carries its parent hospital's figures, labelled); NPPES NPI registry, August 2026 monthly file, active records by practice ZIP; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center (some listings lag closures and mergers); HRSA health center sites, CMS dialysis facilities (geocoded with the Census geocoder) and the VA facility list · CMS Care Compare data · HIFLD · HRSA data · CMS NPI files

Nursing homes

2 certified homes within 5 miles, 9 within 15; 2 inside this ZIP.

Medicare rating

★★☆☆☆ overall; inspections ★★☆☆☆; staffing ★☆☆☆☆

Beds

60 certified

Ownership

For profit, limited liability company

Penalties

no federal fines or payment denials since 2023 (CMS)

In this ZIP: EDGEWOOD MANOR OF GREENFIELD (2★, 60 beds); GREENFIELD SKILLED NURSING AND REHABILITATION (4★, 50 beds).

Stars are Medicare's Care Compare ratings; a 1-star home failed inspections or is thinly staffed, and the abuse flag means a citation for harm in the past year or two. Ratings shift every quarter.

Source: Medicare Care Compare nursing home provider and penalties files (CMS), geocoded with the Census Bureau; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center · CMS Care Compare data

Crime

Violent

4 offenses: 0 murders, 1 rape, 0 robberies, 3 aggravated assaults (0.9 per 1,000 residents; Ohio 3.2)

Property

23 offenses: 6 burglaries, 14 thefts, 3 vehicle thefts (5.3 per 1,000; Ohio 16.9)

Other

3 simple assaults, 6 vandalism reports, 59 drug offenses, 2 weapons violations

Reporting

12 months of 2024 on file; 4,334 residents served; this department covers the 49% of the ZIP's residents in its territory, the rest fall under others

Trend

violent offenses down 56% from 9 in 2023; property down 47% from 43

Rates cover the whole agency's territory, not this ZIP alone: a city's downtown and its quiet edges share one number. Murders, rapes and assaults are counted once per victim and other offenses once per incident, as the FBI's Crime Data Explorer does; a large department's figures can still fall somewhat short of the Explorer's, which takes in later submissions, and a sheriff's population is only the unincorporated area it serves.

Source: FBI Crime Data Explorer, NIBRS incident data for Ohio, 2024 (2023 for the trend): Group A offenses per reporting agency (violent = murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault; property = burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson), murders, rapes and assaults counted once per victim; the agency is the police department of the ZIP's largest local government (city, village or township) when it has one of its own, found in the FBI's 2023 and 2024 rosters or the USGS police station inventory, otherwise the sheriff of the ZIP's county; a rate needs at least six months of 2024 on file and is annualized from fewer than 12; the Ohio figures pool the 511 police departments and sheriff's offices with all 12 months on file · FBI Crime Data Explorer · USGS structures service

Police and post office

1 station within 3 miles, 1 within 8. Inside this ZIP: Greenfield Police Department.

Nearest post office: Greenfield Post Office, 0.6 mi; 1 inside this ZIP.

Townships without their own department are policed by the county sheriff, whose office may be at the county seat; the state highway patrol covers the roads. The inventory lists stations, not patrol zones. It also misses some departments and still lists some that have closed; the atlas adds the departments that reported at least six months of 2024 crimes to the FBI but had no station in it, and drops the closed and duplicate records it found.

Source: USGS National Map structures inventory (police stations, post offices), with closed and duplicate records dropped, wrong names corrected and departments it lacks added from OpenStreetMap and the Census Bureau geocoder (September 2026); straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center · USGS structures service · OpenStreetMap · Census Bureau geocoder

Fire and EMS

1 station within 3 miles, 2 within 8.

Inside this ZIP: Greenfield Fire Department.

Source: USGS National Map structures inventory (fire and EMS stations; most Ohio records last updated 2019 to 2022), Columbus- and Cleveland-area stations checked against the cities' station lists, September 2026. Indiana, Michigan and Pennsylvania stations near the line are included; Kentucky and West Virginia stations across the Ohio River are not. Straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center. Stations open or close without the inventory always catching up. · USGS structures service · Columbus fire stations · Cleveland fire stations

Public library

1 library within 3 miles, 2 within 8.

Open

about 48 hours a week

Building

9,711 square feet

Highland County District Library

5 buildings, serves 42K people, 2.7 visits per resident a year, 258K items lent, 1,016 programs, $2.1M annual income

Inside this ZIP: Greenfield Branch.

Museums: 1 inside this ZIP (Historical Society of Greenfield Ohio); nearest Historical Society of Greenfield Ohio, Greenfield, 0.8 mi away; 1 within 5 miles, 6 within 15 (IMLS 2018 directory: museums, historical societies, gardens and zoos).

Source: Institute of Museum and Library Services, Public Libraries Survey fiscal 2024 (outlet and system files) and Museum Data Files 2018 (museums); straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center · IMLS Public Libraries Survey · IMLS Museum Data Files

Grocery access

Distance

60% of residents live more than half a mile from a supermarket, 49% more than 1 mile, under 1% more than 10 miles

Without a car

0% live in a tract flagged for low income and low vehicle access; 8.4% of households have no vehicle (Census ACS 2020 to 2024)

Poverty

22.9% of residents below the poverty line

SNAP stores

2 supermarkets or superstores and 0 grocery stores inside this ZIP take SNAP, alongside 4 convenience stores, 2 other outlets (dollar, drug and discount stores); nearest supermarket or grocery store Community Markets (supermarket), 0.3 mi from the ZIP's center; 2 supermarkets and grocery stores within 3 miles (USDA, 2026)

SNAP households

20% of households received SNAP benefits in the past year (Census ACS 2020 to 2024)

Setting

0% of residents in urban tracts, across 5 tracts

A "supermarket" here is a large grocery store, supercenter or club; dollar stores and corner groceries do not count, and stores that opened since 2019 are missing from the distance figures; the SNAP store list is current. Rural distance flags mean a long drive, not necessarily hardship.

Source: USDA Economic Research Service, Food Access Research Atlas: 2019 Large Retailer Access Map (2010 census tracts, 2019 supermarket list; ERS's name for this file since July 2026), tract values weighted into ZIPs by 2020 census block population; SNAP store counts from USDA Food and Nutrition Service retailer locations, 2026; SNAP and no-vehicle households from Census ACS 2020 to 2024 · USDA ERS Large Retailer Access Map · USDA SNAP retailers · Census ACS

History

The history of this area has not been researched yet; the work runs county by county outward from Franklin County.

Source: Local history researched from Wikipedia, the 1880 county histories on archive.org, Ohio History Connection, National Register listings, Ohio historical markers, local historical societies and Wikimedia Commons, one file per municipality and township, loaded on demand; Native American history per county and statewide from the same sources and the nations' own histories · Ohio History Connection · Internet Archive (county histories) · Wikimedia Commons · Remarkable Ohio (historical markers)

Historic places

• Smith, Samuel, House and Tannery (building)
• Travellers' Rest Inn (building)

Place names (USGS): 11 named communities (Thornton (historical), Rainsboro, Rock Mills, Fruitdale, Thrifton and more); 16 named streams end here (Big Branch, Buck Run, Cedar Run, Farmers Run and more); 1 named lake or reservoir (Paint Creek Lake); 1 named summit (Slate Hill). Federal maps carry these names; the communities include hamlets and crossroads that never incorporated.

Listing recognizes significance and brings review of federally funded projects; it does not restrict a private owner. Historic districts count once, at their center.

Source: National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places spatial data (point file); listings whose point falls inside the ZIP boundary · National Register data · USGS GNIS

School district

• Greenfield Exempted Village94% of residentsExempted village school district
• Miami Trace Local5% of residentsLocal school district

ZIP codes and school districts do not share boundaries, so this ZIP is split between them.

3 public schools inside this ZIP: Greenfield Elementary School (4 stars); Greenfield Middle School (4.5 stars); McClain High School (3.5 stars). Nearest to the population center: McClain High School (3.5 stars), 0.3 mi; 3 within a mile, 3 within 3.

Enrolled here: 1,473 students attend the 3 public schools inside this ZIP with 2023-24 enrollment on file; 19.1 students per teacher. 64% of the 1,473 students at the 3 schools reporting it qualify for free or reduced-price meals. (NCES)

Enrollment: 1,658 residents attend kindergarten through 12th grade, 10% of them at private schools; 301 are in college or graduate school (Census ACS 2020 to 2024).

Money, fiscal 2023: Greenfield Exempted Village took in $36 million, 47% from the state, 27% local and 26% federal, and spent $14,754 per pupil on day-to-day operations for 1,913 students, 63% of it on instruction; capital outlay $6.5 million (Census school finance survey via NCES).

Child poverty: the Census Bureau's 2024 estimate puts 17% of Greenfield Exempted Village's school-age children below the poverty line (392 of 2,263 aged 5 to 17; SAIPE).

Source: Ohio school district boundaries (OGRIP, 2014 edition, via ODOT) · 2020 census blocks · public school locations from NCES EDGE, 2024-25 · enrollment and meals from the NCES Common Core of Data 2023-24 · private schools from the NCES Private School Survey 2023-24 · district finances from the Census F-33 survey, fiscal 2023 · child poverty from Census SAIPE 2024 · ODOT GIS · NCES EDGE · NCES Common Core of Data · NCES private schools · Census SAIPE · Census school finances (F-33)

School report card

Components

achievement 3 stars, progress 2 stars, gap closing 5 stars, early literacy 2 stars, graduation 5 stars, college and career readiness 5 stars

Achievement

performance index 76.3% of ODE's maximum score for the year (the average of the top 2% of district scores, not the highest score possible) (score 83.8, 83 the year before)

Graduation

98.7% of the class of 2024 graduated in four years; 93% of that class (graduates or not) showed college, career, workforce or military readiness

Spending

$11,622 per pupil in 2023-24 against $12,759 statewide

Teachers

average salary $66,500, 14 years of experience, 58.3% with a master's degree, 12.7% in their first years of teaching

Enrollment

1,894 students in 2024-25

Three stars means the district meets state standards, five that it significantly exceeds them, one that it needs significant support. Achievement stars follow family income closely; the progress component (growth from year to year) is the fairer measure of teaching. Charter and private schools are not in the district figures.

Source: Ohio Department of Education and Workforce, 2024-2025 School Report Cards (district overview, achievement, expenditures per pupil and educator files), for the district where most of this ZIP's residents live · Ohio school report cards

Colleges

Southern State Community College is a public two-year college with 2,903 students over the 2023-24 year; published tuition and fees $5,687 a year in state, $10,368 out of state; 26% of a 126-student entering class graduated (three-year).

0 institutions within 10 miles, 5 within 25.

Next nearest: Pickaway Ross Joint Vocational School District (20.8 mi).

Universities, community colleges, career schools and private colleges all count; branch campuses appear only where IPEDS lists them separately. Graduation rates follow first-time full-time students for 150% of normal time.

Source: NCES IPEDS 2024 directory, 12-month enrollment 2023-24, tuition and fees 2023-24 and graduation rates for the 2017 entering cohort at four-year institutions and the 2020 cohort at two-year ones; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center · NCES IPEDS

Local government

• Greenfield (village)50% of residentsVillage
• Madison Township, Highland County20% of residentsTownship
• Buckskin Township, Ross County12% of residentsTownship
• Paint Township, Highland County6% of residentsTownship
• Perry Township, Fayette County6% of residentsTownship
• Wayne Township, Fayette County3% of residentsTownship
• Paint Township, Ross County2% of residentsTownship

ZIP codes and municipal and township boundaries do not share boundaries, so this ZIP is split between them.

Source: ODOT municipal corporation and township boundaries · 2020 census blocks · Ohio EPA grants awarded in 2025 (OEPA_Achievements map service) · Auditor of State unauditable entities list · ODOT GIS · Auditor of State · Ohio EPA grants (OEPA_Achievements)

Who represents this ZIP

U.S. Senate: Bernie Moreno (R), Jon Husted (R)

• David Taylor RU.S. House OH-2 · 97%Amelia · since 2025 · site
• Mike Carey R OH-15 · 3%Columbus · since 2021 · site
• Shane Wilkin ROhio Senate 17Jasper Township · since 2022 · site
• Bob Peterson ROhio House 91Sabina · since 2022 · site

District lines cut through this ZIP, so more than one member serves its residents; the share is by 2020 population.

Source: ODOT district boundaries · members from the U.S. House, Ohio Senate and Ohio House directories, September 2026 · U.S. House · Ohio Senate · Ohio House · ODOT GIS