ZIP code 43032: Brown Township and Kilbourne

Drinking-water compliance

A health-based violation is a contaminant above its limit or a treatment rule not followed; monitoring, reporting and public-notice violations are paperwork. Lead is the 90th-percentile result across sampled homes, not a reading at any one tap.

Source: EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System (Envirofacts, pulled September 2026), violations and lead and copper sampling for the system that serves most of this ZIP · EPA SDWIS (Envirofacts) · EPA ECHO

Byproducts and contaminants

TTHM

55.9 µg/L yearly mean in 2019, the last year in the file (limit 80); worst yearly mean 60.9, highest single sample 95.7; 256 samples from 2012 to 2019

HAA5

35.8 µg/L yearly mean in the last year sampled (limit 60); worst yearly mean 37.8, highest sample 58; 256 samples

Plants

Del-co Water Company, Inc. runs 4 plants and EPA's file lumps their entry-point samples under one system, so the nitrate, arsenic, radioactivity, solvent, farm-chemical and metal rows cover all 4, not only Del-Co Olentangy Water Treatment Plant, which serves this ZIP; a sample over a limit may be from another plant

Nitrate

highest of 225 samples was 2.3 mg/L as nitrogen (2015; limit 10); 1.86 in 2019, the last year sampled. Nitrate above 10 is unsafe for infants

Arsenic

not detected in 31 samples (limit 10)

Solvents and fuels

benzene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, vinyl chloride not detected in 28 samples

Bacteria

1 of 11,459 routine tap samples (0.01%) tested positive for total coliform in 2012 to 2019, 1 of 1,440 in 2019; E. coli found in 1 of 2 tap samples tested for it. Coliform itself is a warning sign; E. coli means sewage or manure reached the water

Farm chemicals

atrazine in 55 of 57 samples, highest 1.55 µg/L (limit 3); alachlor in 1 of 57 samples, highest 0.6 µg/L (limit 2)

Metals

barium in 23 of 31 samples, highest 34 µg/L (limit 2,000); chromium, cadmium, mercury, selenium, thallium not detected in 31 samples

EPA's file stops at 2019; Ohio EPA's Drinking Water Watch has newer results. Byproducts are judged on running yearly averages at each sampling site, so one high sample is not a violation. Nitrate and arsenic are measured where water enters the pipes.

Source: EPA Six-Year Review 4 compliance monitoring data, 2012 to 2019 (TTHM, HAA5 and coliform from distribution-system samples of Del-co Water Company, Inc.; nitrate, arsenic, radionuclides, solvents, herbicides and metals from the entry points of the same system); non-detects counted as zero

PFAS

UCMR 5, all plants

11 samples in 2023 to 2024 at the entry point to the distribution system: PFBA 10.7, PFHxA 8.7, PFPeA 6.3 ng/L

Ohio EPA 2020

3 plants tested (latest 2020-10): nothing detected for the six PFAS tested

Ohio EPA latest

3 plants sampled by Ohio EPA, most recently 2024-04 (Ohio EPA statewide sampling status map)

Firefighting foam: 3 fire departments or other holders in Delaware County registered 355 gallons of PFAS-based AFFF foam with Ohio EPA, 165 gallons in opened containers; the state is collecting it for disposal so it is never sprayed again.

Lithium: found in 2 of 10 UCMR 5 samples at Del-co Water Company, Inc., highest 12.9 µg/L (detections averaged 12.6), last sampled 2024. Lithium is unregulated; EPA's draft health reference level is 10 µg/L, and it occurs naturally in deep groundwater, so well systems in the northwest run highest.

PFAS are the forever chemicals from firefighting foam, plating shops and non-stick coatings. One sample above 4 ng/L is not a violation; compliance is judged on running annual averages, and systems are adding carbon filters ahead of the 2029 deadline. Results are for water leaving the plant, not your tap.

Source: EPA UCMR 5 occurrence data (final release, August 2026) and Ohio EPA statewide PFAS sampling 2019 to 2021 and its current status map, for the system that serves most of this ZIP; EPA SDWIS record OH2101412; results in nanograms per litre (parts per trillion) · Ohio EPA PFAS

Lead at the tap

Latest period

0.8 ppb in the sampling period ending 2024-12

Highest since 2016

5.9 ppb (2018-12); never above 10 ppb in 3 periods

Service lines

56,197 inventoried: 9 lead, 19 galvanized needing replacement, 14,186 unknown, 41,983 not lead (reported all required service line types)

Children: this ZIP is not on the Ohio Department of Health's high-risk list for childhood lead testing; children on Medicaid or in pre-1978 housing with peeling paint should still be tested.

Systems sample taps in the homes most likely to have lead pipes or solder; the 90th-percentile figure means nine in ten sampled homes were at or below it. Lead comes from the service line and the house plumbing, not the source water, so a low system result does not clear an old house. The action level drops from 15 to 10 ppb in 2027, and every lead line must be replaced within ten years of that.

Source: EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System lead and copper 90th-percentile results (Envirofacts) and EPA's service line inventory dashboard (2026 Q2), for Del-co Water Company, Inc. (OH2101412), the system that serves most of this ZIP · ODH childhood lead testing · ODH high-risk ZIP list (CCBH PDF) · Ohio EPA lead and copper · H2Ohio

Fluoride and treatment

Treatment on file: corrosion control, coagulation and settling, chlorine disinfection, iron and manganese removal, lime softening, powdered activated carbon, sand or media filtration.

Measured fluoride: 1.04 mg/L on average at the plant's entry points in 2019 (in the range dentists aim for); samples ran from 0.68 to 1.2 mg/L across 31 samples in 2012 to 2019 (EPA compliance monitoring). Natural fluoride in Ohio well water runs from a trace to over 2 mg/L in parts of the northwest.

The health department counts 100% of Delaware County residents on community water as receiving fluoridated water.

Ohio law (ORC 6109.20, 1969) makes systems serving 5,000 or more people fluoridate unless the water already carries 0.8 mg/L naturally or the community exempted itself by ordinance or referendum in the months after the law passed; smaller systems choose for themselves. The treatment list is what each system registered with EPA and can lag a plant upgrade.

Source: CDC My Water's Fluoride, fluoridation status of each system as reported by the Ohio Department of Health; EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System treatment table for Del-co Water Company, Inc. (OH2101412); EPA Six-Year Review 4 compliance monitoring, 2012 to 2019; Ohio Department of Health fluoridation report (DataOhio) for the county share · EPA SDWIS search

Algal toxins

Raw water

no microcystin detected at the intake

Treated water

never detected after treatment

Monitoring

631 samples from 2016 to 2026, latest 2026-08-24

Raw-water readings show what the plant has to remove; any detection at the intake triggers weekly paired raw and treated-water testing until two clean weeks, and carbon, ozone or chlorine destroys the toxin in nearly every case. The ten-day advisory levels for treated water are 0.3 µg/L for children under six and 1.6 µg/L for everyone else. Since November 2022 the bloom season runs June through November (sampling continues into early December), with treated water tested every two weeks the rest of the year; the 2016 to 2022 rule monitored year-round and stepped testing up to three days a week when raw water passed 5 µg/L.

Source: Ohio EPA public water system harmful algal bloom monitoring (HAB data and map, DrinkingWater/HAB service, fetched 2026-09-09), total microcystins by ELISA in raw and treated water, for the system that serves most of this ZIP · Ohio EPA HAB information for public water systems

Groundwater

Under the surface

glacial till (clay-rich, poor yields), part of the E Delaware Thin Upland Aquifer (thin upland setting); wells there yield < 5 gallons a minute, deposits < 25 ft thick

Bedrock

Ohio and Olentangy Shales, yielding 0 - 5 gpm to a well

Setting

Shale; water table 15-30 ft down, 4-7 in/yr recharge, sandy loam soil (hydrogeologic setting 7Be); pesticide index 147

Geology

100% of the ZIP is a sensitive geologic setting, where thin or sandy cover leaves the aquifer open to what soaks in from the surface; nearest verified sinkhole 8.7 mi away (Ohio EPA and ODNR Geological Survey)

Water table

DL-3 OH monitoring well (ODNR), 6.1 mi away: water 34.1 ft below ground on 2026-07-15; averaged 33.1 ft in 2015 to 2019 and 34.4 ft over the latest year, so the table is running about 1.3 ft lower; range 27.3 to 35.7 ft over 4,056 readings since 2015

Nitrate risk

EPA researchers put the chance that a public water system in the Big Run-Alum Creek subwatershed exceeds the nitrate limit at 18% if it draws on groundwater and 47% if it draws on rivers or lakes, judged from land use, geology and past results (EnviroAtlas nitrate violation index; the typical Ohio subwatershed scores 23% for groundwater and 39% for surface water)

Quality monitoring

Ohio EPA's nearest ambient groundwater monitoring well is Ashley Wellfield (Delaware County), 5.5 mi away: 28 ft deep in sand and gravel (Alum Creek aquifer); bedrock 24 ft down; wells there yield 5 to 25 gallons a minute; not currently sampled. 2 active wells within 15 mi

Vulnerability rates how easily a spill at the surface reaches the aquifer, not whether anything has. Well logs include abandoned and replaced wells, so counts overstate wells in use; a private well owner is the only one who tests it.

Source: ODNR Division of Geological Survey, Groundwater Vulnerability (DRASTIC) map (polygon at the ZIP's population-weighted center), karst feature inventory, and the Ohio water well log database (logs inside the ZIP boundary) · ODNR Geological Survey · Ohio EPA GIS services · USGS water data

Aquifer exposure

Karst

no karst-prone bedrock under the population center; no mapped sinkhole inside the ZIP; nearest verified sinkhole 8.7 mi from the center

Wellhead protection

less than half a percent of this ZIP lies inside any public water system's five-year wellhead protection area

Vulnerability index

DRASTIC 117 (ODNR; higher means a spill at the surface reaches the aquifer more easily)

Sensitive settings are outwash plains, buried valleys, karst and shallow bedrock, mapped statewide by Ohio EPA for siting decisions. Exposure is not contamination: it says how quickly a spill, a failing tank or heavy manure would reach the water table, not whether one has.

Source: Ohio EPA Sensitive Geologic Settings and karst geology layers (geology/Geology), ODNR Geological Survey karst and spring points, Ohio EPA source water protection areas (DrinkingWater/SWAP); shares by ZIP boundary overlay, karst by a point query at the population-weighted center · Ohio EPA geology layers · Ohio EPA source water protection (SWAP) · ODNR Geological Survey

Sewage treatment

Size

0.19 million gallons a day design flow

Compliance

12 of the last 12 quarters with a violation; currently in violation (not significant); 1 formal enforcement action in 5 years; 25 effluent limit exceedances in 3 years

Sludge source: nearest Delaware County Home WWTP, 0.9 mi away; 5 within 10 miles (Ohio EPA).

State water loans: no Ohio EPA revolving-fund project inside this ZIP; the nearest is Alum Creek Poston Farm (Appalachia Ohio Alliance, 2023, $769,015), 3.1 mi away.

Sewer planning: this ZIP falls in the Delaware County Regional Sewer District FPA; 100% of it is assigned to Delaware County as the designated sewage management agency under Ohio's Clean Water Act section 208 plan (generic prescriptions). The 208 plan decides who may build and extend sewers.

Stormwater: this ZIP lies outside Ohio EPA's regulated MS4 areas, so its storm drains and ditches carry runoff without a municipal stormwater permit.

Where a home's sewage actually goes depends on the sewer district, and rural homes are on septic systems the county health department permits; the nearest plant is a proxy. Violations range from paperwork to raw discharges.

Source: EPA Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO), Clean Water Act NPDES facilities with a POTW component in Ohio; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center. Compliance data lag about a quarter.; other Clean Water Act permit holders inside the ZIP from the same service · EPA ECHO · EPA CSO inventory · Ohio EPA GIS services · EPA Facility Finder

Stream health

Uses failing

aquatic life 100% of the land, recreation (bacteria) 0%, fish consumption 0%, drinking-water source 0% (that use is assessed on only 100% of the ZIP)

Causes listed

nutrients (100%), habitat damage (100%), altered hydrology (100%)

Cleanup plans

100% of the land is under a TMDL pollution budget

Watersheds here: Big Run-Alum Creek (not supporting).

Nearest stream assessment (Ohio EPA): Olentangy R. Adj. Hudson Rd, At Bend on the Olentangy River, 5.8 mi away, draining 411 square miles: full attainment of its warmwater use; fish IBI 43 of 60 (2011); bug ICI 46 of 60 (2011); habitat QHEI 81 of 100. 0 within 3 miles, 11 within 10. Scores above about 40 (IBI), 36 (ICI) and 60 (QHEI) mean a healthy warmwater stream.

Stream designations (Ohio EPA water quality standards): no designated stream segment crosses this ZIP. Nearest specially protected stream: the Alum creek (headwaters to West branch (RM 42.8)), 2.7 mi away, a Superior High Quality Water. Exceptional and coldwater streams are the state's healthiest; modified and limited-resource waters are channelized or ditched.

Proposed for 2026: the nearest reach Ohio EPA proposes to add to the antidegradation tiers is the Scioto River (Mill creek above O'Shaughnessy reservoir (RM 155.4) to the mouth), 11.6 mi away, as Outstanding State Water for recreation.

PFAS in the river (Ohio EPA large river survey): at Scioto R. Just S Of Klondike, Adj. Klondike Rd., 10.8 mi away, the water carried 70.93 ng/L of total PFAS (PFOA 3.2, PFOS 2.2 ng/L); fish fillets held 43.31 ng/g in bluegill and 24.06 ng/g in catfish (PFOS 20 in bluegill). Drinking water limits are 4 ng/L for PFOA and PFOS; river water is not drinking water, but treatment plants that draw from it start from these numbers.

Farm chemicals (USGS estimate, 2018): farms in Delaware County used about 145 metric tons of pesticide active ingredient, 316 kg per square mile, 37th of Ohio's 88 counties. Largest: glyphosate 57 t, metolachlor 17 t, atrazine 17 t, acetochlor 7 t, 2,4-D 5 t. Atrazine, the corn herbicide, is the pesticide that most often shows up in Ohio tap water after spring rains; this county used 17 t of it.

Farms (2022 Census of Agriculture): 728 farms work 130,937 acres of Delaware County, with 39.8% of its land in cropland, 180 acres to a farm. 2,157 cattle, 22,126 hogs, 4,349 laying hens, 439 broilers, 21 turkeys; 29,900 acres of corn and 72,838 of soybeans. Sales $133 million, 12% from animals and animal products. Manure and fertilizer from farms like these carry the phosphorus and nitrogen behind Ohio's algae and nitrate problems; withheld figures protect individual farms.

A watershed unit fails when any sampled stream in it fails; ditches in flat farm country fail on habitat and nutrients, city creeks on bacteria and sediment. Ohio's own report is at epa.ohio.gov; the EPA link on each unit's report page has the sampling detail.

Source: EPA ATTAINS (Ohio EPA 2024 Integrated Report), watershed assessment units overlaid on the ZIP boundary in an equal-area projection; shares are of the ZIP's land area · EPA ATTAINS · Ohio integrated report · Ohio sport fish advisory · Ohio EPA advisory map

Watershed

• Upper Scioto100% of residentsDrains to the Ohio River

H2Ohio: nearest project O'Donnell Wetland Restoration and Treatment Train, inland flow-through wetland, funded 2020, completed, 5.4 mi away: This project created a four-cell wetland treatment train in which water pumped from Delaware Lake passes through all four wetland cells for filtration before re...; 0 within 5 miles, 4 within 15. H2Ohio pays for wetlands, farm practices and lead line work to cut the nutrients behind Lake Erie's algae.

Source water: 100% of this ZIP drains to the river intakes of Columbus Public Water System, Westerville City PWS, Del-Co Water Company, Inc. and sits inside their Ohio EPA source water protection area.

Watershed grants: nearest "Unnamed Tributary to the Olentangy River Daylighting and Restoration Project" by City of Delaware (stream restoration, Section 319), 5.9 mi away; 8 within 10 miles (Ohio EPA project lists: Section 319 and GLRI through fiscal 2023, SWIF through 2017).

Road salt: nearest went to Brown Township (equipment, 2024-2025), 0.2 mi away; 2 in Delaware County. H2Ohio pays for brine makers, calibrated spreaders and covered salt barns so less chloride reaches streams and wells.

The population center sits in the Big Run-Alum Creek subwatershed; its water runs on through Alum Creek Lake Dam-Alum Creek, then Westerville Reservoir-Alum Creek, then Bliss Run-Alum Creek.

In 2015 Delaware County drew about 24 million gallons a day of fresh water (USGS): 19.7 million for public supply (11% from wells, 182,400 people served at 81 gallons a person a day at home), 1.2 million for irrigation, 2.1 million for mining; 10,600 residents drew their own well water.

EnviroAtlas, Big Run-Alum Creek: 50 to 100 acres in the Conservation Reserve Program; 11,547 acres of grain crops; 94 miles of streams (2.5 per square mile); water use of 297 thousand gallons a day for homes; 38.3 inches of rain and snow a year; 10.4 kg of nitrogen per hectare falling from the air each year; farm nitrogen of 0 kg per hectare a year as manure and 32.7 kg as synthetic fertilizer; 22% of the farmland sits on drained hydric soils; potentially restorable wetlands on farmland cover 31% of the subwatershed; 2.5% of the land is paved or roofed; 59% of the stream banks keep natural cover (EPA EnviroAtlas national metrics, 2010s vintages).

Stream permits: none of this ZIP drains to streams Ohio EPA rates high quality, where a project that fills, pipes or crosses a stream needs an individual Ohio EPA 401 water quality review; all drains toward high-quality waters farther down and might qualify for the Army Corps' blanket nationwide permits after a field screening (Ohio EPA 401 nationwide permit eligibility map).

Source: USGS Watershed Boundary Dataset (HUC-8 subbasins by resident share, HUC-12 subwatershed at the population center) · 2020 census blocks · USGS watershed boundaries · EPA EnviroAtlas · Ohio EPA 401 map · USGS county water use 2015 · ODNR H2Ohio projects · ODNR Lake Erie Coastal Management Area · Ohio EPA source water protection (SWAP) · Ohio EPA nine-element plans · Ohio EPA 319, GLRI and SWIF project lists · Ohio EPA chloride reduction grants · NOAA Lake Erie water levels

Homes and income

The Census publishes no housing estimates for this ZIP.

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020 to 2024 five-year estimates by ZIP Code Tabulation Area; Eviction Lab (Princeton) tract estimates 2016 to 2018, weighted to the ZIP; HUD fiscal 2026 Small Area Fair Market Rents; IRS Statistics of Income ZIP data, tax year 2022; Mapping Inequality (University of Richmond), HOLC maps 1935 to 1940; HUD eGIS open data for subsidized housing; FDIC BankFind branch locations; NCUA credit union branch list, March 2026 · Census ACS · Eviction Lab · HUD data · IRS ZIP statistics · Mapping Inequality · HUD eGIS open data · FDIC BankFind · NCUA call report data

Houses and neighborhoods

The records hold no residential parcels in this ZIP. Counties are being added outward from Franklin County; so far the parcel records cover 86 of Ohio's 88 counties.

Source: county parcel records joined by the atlas · Allen County Auditor · Ashland County Auditor · Auglaize County Auditor · Butler County Auditor · Champaign County Auditor · Clark County Auditor · Clinton County Auditor · Coshocton County Auditor · Crawford County Auditor · Fairfield County Auditor · Fayette County Auditor · Franklin County Auditor · Greene County Auditor · Guernsey County Auditor · Hardin County Auditor · Highland County Auditor · Hocking County Auditor · Holmes County Auditor · Jackson County Auditor · Knox County Auditor · Licking County Auditor · Logan County Auditor · Lorain County Auditor · Madison County Auditor · Marion County Auditor · Miami County Auditor · Montgomery County Auditor · Morrow County Auditor · Muskingum County Auditor · Perry County Auditor · Pickaway County Auditor · Richland County Auditor · Ross County Auditor · Stark County Auditor · Tuscarawas County Auditor · Union County Auditor · Wyandot County Auditor · OGRIP Ohio Statewide Parcels · Athens County subdivisions, town plats and additions (Athens County Auditor GIS) · Cincinnati Community Council Boundaries · Cincinnati Statistical Neighborhood Approximations (SNA), 2020 · Clark County recorded subdivision plats · Clermont County recorded subdivision plats · Cleveland Heights neighborhoods · Cleveland Statistical Planning Areas (SPAs) / neighborhoods · Columbus Communities · Columbus Community Planning Areas · Coshocton County subdivisions (recorded plats and town additions) · Dayton neighborhoods · Dublin Civic Associations · Franklin County recorded subdivision and condominium plats · Hamilton (Ohio) 17Strong neighborhoods · Lima neighborhood associations · Logan County subdivision and condominium plats · Madison County subdivisions (recorded plats) · Morgan County subdivision, addition and town plats · Muskingum County subdivision plats · Perry County subdivisions and town additions (recorded plat names on the county engineer's parcels) · Richland County subdivisions and condominiums (recorded plats, county GIS) · Sandusky neighborhoods · Stark County recorded allotment (subdivision) and condominium plats · Toledo neighborhood associations · Union County subdivision plats

Building permits

Mix

10,242 single-family houses, 1,422 units in buildings of five or more, 70 in duplexes and small buildings

Value

$3.8 billion of construction at the value declared on the permits

By year

2016: 836, 2017: 933, 2018: 762, 2019: 985, 2020: 1,212, 2021: 1,613, 2022: 1,151, 2023: 1,045, 2024: 1,703, 2025: 1,494, 2026 through July: 970

Survey counts are permits issued, not houses finished, and cover new residential construction only: additions, remodels, garages and commercial buildings are not in the survey. Values are the applicants' estimates. Where a city runs the building department for its township neighbours, the city's figure covers them too.

Source: Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, annual place files 2016 to 2025 (new privately owned residential units authorized), for the permit-issuing jurisdiction where most of this ZIP's residents live · Census building permits

Home prices

FHFA publishes no price index for this ZIP: too few repeat sales or refinance appraisals on conforming mortgages to measure.

Source: Federal Housing Finance Agency House Price Index, annual five-digit ZIP all-transactions series (repeat sales and refinance appraisals of conforming-mortgage homes, developmental, not seasonally adjusted), latest release; Zillow Home Value Index (mid-tier, smoothed, seasonally adjusted) and Zillow Observed Rent Index by ZIP, Zillow Research · FHFA house price index · Zillow research data · Realtor.com data

Local taxes

Buckeye Valley Local

23.6 effective mills (32.5 gross); $1,649 a year on a $200,000 home. Operating 17.0, bonds 2.0, improvements 1.5, inside millage 3.0.

Municipal income tax

None: this is unincorporated township territory (Brown Township).

School district income tax

Buckeye Valley Local 1%. Voted by the district and collected with the state income tax.

A mill is $1 per $1,000 of taxable value, and taxable value is 35% of market value. Effective rates fall as values rise because Ohio holds most voted levies to the dollars first approved. County, municipal or township, library, park and vocational-school levies are added on the same bill and are not counted here.

Source: Ohio Department of Taxation, Aggregate Property Tax Rates by School District, tax year 2025 (composite DTE 515); weighted by the share of this ZIP's residents in each district; The Finder rate tables for municipal, school district and sales taxes, September 2026 · Ohio tax data series · The Finder

Who delivers the electricity

• AEP Ohio investor-owned100% of residentsAmerican Electric Power (AEP)

AEP Ohio outages, 2024: the average customer lost power for 272 minutes (158 minutes leaving out major storm days), about 1.1 interruptions a year.

AEP Ohio standard service offer price, 2024: 19.33 cents per kWh, about $174 a month for the average home, for the 550,768 residential customers who have not chosen a supplier; the other 788,464 pay AEP Ohio 10.75 cents per kWh for delivery plus their supplier's price (EIA-861).

AEP Ohio solar and meters, 2024: 11,606 customers run net-metered solar (158.9 MW, 11,036 of them homes); 79% of its 1,541,883 meters are two-way smart (AMI) meters, 21% drive-by automated reads (EIA-861).

Energy burden: households here spend an average 2.9% of income on electricity, gas and other fuels (about $3,238 a year against $113,492 of income); the 36% of households below 80% of the area median income spend 8.3%, and 25% of households fall in groups averaging 6% or more, the usual line for a high burden (DOE LEAD Tool, 2022 update, built from 2018 to 2022 survey data).

Source: PUCO certified territories via ODOT · HIFLD retail service territories (EIA Form 861) · 2020 census blocks · outage statistics from EIA-861 Reliability, 2024 with 2023 where a utility skipped a year (SAIDI and SAIFI, IEEE 1366) · residential prices from EIA-861 Sales to Ultimate Customers, net metering and advanced meters from the EIA-861 files of the same years · DOE LEAD Tool 2022 household energy burden by tract, apportioned into ZIPs by block population · PUCO electricity · ODOT territories service · EIA-861 · DOE LEAD Tool · HIFLD retail service territories

Natural gas here

• Columbia Gas of Ohio regulated utility100% of residents, main companyNiSource Inc.

Pipes under the street: Columbia Gas of Ohio reported 20,620 miles of distribution main to PHMSA for 2025, 64% plastic and 6.6% cast iron or bare steel (the leak-prone materials); 3,271 hazardous leaks repaired in 2025.

PUCO lists 5 companies operating in Delaware County: Bright Energy (Consolidated Cooperative), Columbia Gas of Ohio, Knox Energy Cooperative Association, Inc., Madison Energy Cooperative Association, Inc., Suburban Natural Gas Company.

Source: PUCO gas distribution companies by county, April 2026 · federal (EIA) territory polygons, 2016 · Census ACS 2020 to 2024 heating fuel · PUCO natural gas · HIFLD

Power plants

Nearest plant of any size: Prospect Municipal, 14.4 mi (oil, 2 MW).

0 plants within 10 miles totalling 0 MW.

Capacity is net summer capacity in megawatts (EIA), not output; a solar farm's 200 MW runs a quarter of the hours a gas plant's would. Small peaking engines and landfill-gas units count as plants.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration Form 860 plant inventory via HIFLD (February 2025); USGS U.S. Wind Turbine Database and U.S. Large-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Database; NRC emergency planning zones around Perry and Davis-Besse (residents inside the roughly 10-mile zone counted by 2020 census block); straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center · EIA-860 · HIFLD · USGS wind turbines · USGS solar · NRC emergency planning zones

Gas transmission pipelines

No transmission line crosses this ZIP.

Transmission lines run at hundreds of pounds of pressure and are inspected under federal rules; the distribution mains that actually feed homes are a separate, denser network not shown here. By mileage in this EIA layer Ohio's map is dominated by Columbia Gas Transmission and East Ohio Gas's intrastate lines; Texas Eastern and the Rover and Nexus lines built for Utica shale gas are among the other large interstate systems.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration Natural Gas Interstate and Intrastate Pipelines layer (data last updated July 2025, pulled September 2026), via the ArcGIS Online copy maintained by Esri's Federal User Community; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center; lengths clipped to the ZIP boundary in an equal-area projection · EIA U.S. Energy Atlas · ArcGIS Online item

Incumbent telephone company

• Frontier North100% of residentsFrontier

Source: PUCO incumbent local exchange carrier service areas · 2020 census blocks · PUCO telephone

Internet

No broadband data for this ZIP.

Source: FCC Broadband Data Collection, June 2024 (availability) · Census ACS 2020 to 2024 (subscriptions) · Ookla Open Data, fixed-network speed tests by tile, 2025 Q2 (measured speeds) · FCC broadband map · Ookla open data · Census ACS

Cell signal

• AT&T4G 100% · 5G 100%
• T-Mobile4G 100% · 5G 0%
• Verizon4G 100% · 5G 100%

Registered towers: 0 antenna structures registered with the FCC inside this ZIP and 4 within 3 miles of its center; the nearest is a 312-foot tower 2.3 mi away. Only structures over 200 feet or near airports must register, so most cell sites on short poles, water towers and rooftops are not counted.

Coverage as the carriers report it to the FCC for outdoor use at a stationary spot, by land area rather than by residents; indoor signal and rural hollows can be worse.

Source: FCC Mobile Broadband Data Collection via Esri Living Atlas (layer last updated November 2025, i.e. the June 30, 2025 filing round), carrier-reported outdoor coverage by hexagon, summed over the ZIP's land; FCC Antenna Structure Registration database, September 2026; Ookla open data mobile tiles, 2026 Q2 · FCC broadband map · FCC antenna registration · Ookla open data

EV charging

No public station inside this ZIP; the nearest of any kind is CONSOLIDATED CONSOLIDATEDDEL, 0.8 mi. 3 stations within 5 miles of the ZIP's population center, 1 with DC fast charging.

Level 2 adds roughly 20 to 30 miles of range an hour; DC fast charging fills most cars in under an hour. Listings are operator-reported and lag new openings and closures.

Source: NREL Alternative Fuels Data Center via the U.S. DOT Bureau of Transportation Statistics (public, open electric stations, the posts at one site merged, restricted-access sites excluded), and chargers in neighbouring states near the border; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center; station list as of May 29, 2026 · Alternative Fuels Data Center · BTS Alternative Fueling Stations (NTAD)

Public transit

0 stops inside this ZIP; the nearest stop is 12.5 mi from the population center.

Only fixed-route systems that publish a GTFS feed appear; dial-a-ride and demand-response services do not, and a handful of small fixed-route systems publish no feed at all. The nearest stop may be across the state line, and the out-of-state set may be incomplete. Half a mile is roughly a ten-minute walk.

Source: USDOT Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transit Map stops (National Transportation Atlas Database, 2025 vintage, fetched September 2026), plus the Springfield, Lancaster-Fairfield, Knox County Transit, WayGo and BGSU Shuttle GTFS feeds; share of 2020 census block population within half a mile of a stop · BTS National Transit Map · BTS transportation atlas · Springfield City Area Transit GTFS feed · Lancaster-Fairfield Public Transit GTFS feed · Knox County Transit GTFS feed · WayGo GTFS feed · BGSU Shuttle GTFS feed

Walkability

Street grid

1 intersections per square mile, long blocks and country roads

Transit

no stop within three-quarters of a mile in the EPA's 2020 transit file

Mix of uses

employment mix 0.61 and mix of homes and job types 0.51 on the EPA's 0 to 1 scales, where 1 is the most varied

Car-free households

1.2% of households have no vehicle (the EPA's own figure, ACS 2014 to 2018)

The index scores every block group on intersection density, distance to transit and how mixed its jobs and homes are, then ranks them against the whole country. It measures the street pattern, not sidewalks, safety or hills.

Source: EPA National Walkability Index (Smart Location Database 3.0, 2021) by census block group, population-weighted to the ZIP through 2020 census blocks; car-free households from Census ACS 2020 to 2024 table B25044 (the Homes card), or, where that is missing, the Smart Location Database's own 2014 to 2018 share weighted by households · EPA walkability index · Smart Location Database · Census ACS

Rail crossings

Delaware County has logged 3 rail accidents since 2010, 3 of them derailments (FRA Form 54). Yard mishaps at walking speed dominate; main-line derailments are the rare, dangerous ones.

Train counts and speeds are the railroad's last inventory update. Crossings with only crossbucks rely on the driver; Ohio has averaged about 77 crossing collisions a year from 2010 to 2025 (FRA Form 57), between 64 and 87 in a year.

Source: Federal Railroad Administration, Grade Crossing Inventory (Form 71, current records); crossings whose point falls inside the ZIP boundary, closed crossings excluded; nearest crossing measured from the population-weighted center. Collisions are FRA Form 57 crossing incidents since 2010, placed by crossing id through the inventory's coordinates; train accidents are FRA Form 54 rail equipment accidents since 2010, placed by their own reported coordinates, counted one per incident rather than one per report (county totals from the same file). All three pulled from data.transportation.gov, September 2026 · FRA crossing inventory (Form 71, current) · FRA crossing incidents (Form 57) · FRA rail equipment accidents (Form 54) · FRA safety data · DOT open data

Bridges

No inventoried bridge sits inside this ZIP.

Source: Federal Highway Administration, National Bridge Inventory 2025 (Ohio file); structures whose point falls inside the ZIP boundary; condition from NBI items 58, 59, 60 and 62 (deck, superstructure, substructure, culvert) · FHWA bridge inventory · ODOT TIMS bridge inventory (live)

Traffic

Trucks

65 a day on county road 10, 9% of its traffic

Driving

about 185 vehicle-miles a day on the 4 counted segments inside the ZIP; the typical segment carries 689 vehicles

Busiest local road

county road 10, 691 vehicles a day

Annual average daily traffic is both directions combined, averaged over the year. County, township and city roads are labelled by their route number, which ODOT uses instead of the street name. Most city streets have no count, so the busiest local road is the busiest counted one. Interchange ramps are left out of the busiest-road pick; a ZIP with nothing but ramps shows one labelled ramp and its ODOT number.

Road deaths: no fatal crash was recorded inside this ZIP in 2020 to 2024 (NHTSA FARS).

Source: ODOT traffic count segments, 2025 annual average daily traffic (ODOT TIMS); segments assigned to the ZIP holding their midpoint; NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System 2020 to 2024, crashes placed by their coordinates · ODOT TIMS traffic count segments · NHTSA FARS

Airports and trains

Nearest airfield

Delaware Municipal / Jim Moore Field (DLZ), Delaware, 8.9 mi, public use

Amtrak

Sandusky station, 77.8 mi

Ohio's Amtrak stops are on the Floridian (Amtrak has temporarily combined the Capitol Limited with the Silver Star), the Lake Shore Limited and the Cardinal, all overnight trains; Cincinnati's only calls three times a week. Amtrak's Thruway bus stops, Dayton-Trotwood among them, are not counted as stations here. Airline service at Toledo and Rickenbacker is limited to a few routes; Youngstown-Warren has had no airline flights since 2018.

Source: FAA airport facilities and Amtrak stations via USDOT BTS National Transportation Atlas; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center · BTS transportation atlas

Radon in this ZIP

0% of tests at or above EPA's 4 pCi/L action level · median 1.2 · highest 1.5

A ZIP average says nothing about one house; readings next door can differ tenfold. Test yours, and fix it at 4 pCi/L or more.

Source: odh.ohio.gov radon levels by ZIP code, tests since 2010, before mitigation · ODH radon program

Flood zones

0% of the ZIP's land is in that floodplain.

Design storms (NOAA Atlas 14): a 100-year storm here drops 5.5 inches in 24 hours (2.8 in a single hour, 4.2 in six); a 2-year storm 2.6, 10-year 3.7, 25-year 4.3, 500-year 7.0 inches in 24 hours. Storm sewers, culverts and detention ponds are sized from these numbers, and a "100-year" storm has a 1% chance every year.

Nearest river gauge: Alum Creek near Kilbourne OH, 2.7 mi away, draining 65 square miles. Record flow 8,370 cubic feet a second at a stage of 13.29 ft on 2017-11-18; the highest since 2016 was 8,370 on 2017-11-18 (USGS, 27 annual peaks, 1974 to 2025).

No federal flood insurance policy is in force in this ZIP.

Community status: Delaware County's unincorporated areas take part in the National Flood Insurance Program; flood map effective 12/21/23.

Lenders require flood insurance on mortgaged homes in the 1% zone (zones A and AE). Block centers understate narrow floodplains in rural areas, so check the FEMA map for a specific address.

Source: FEMA National Flood Hazard Layer (effective flood insurance rate maps, levee centerlines) · 2020 census block centers · ZIP land area by polygon overlay, open water excluded; NOAA Atlas 14 precipitation frequency at the ZIP center; USGS NWIS annual peak flows; OpenFEMA NFIP policies in force by reported ZIP as of September 2026, NFIP redacted claims and the Community Status Book · FEMA flood hazard layer · FEMA Map Service Center · OpenFEMA · NOAA Atlas 14 · USGS stream gauges

Natural hazard risk

• Ice storm78
• Hail78

FEMA's expected annual loss here from all hazards: $13,110 a year in buildings, crops and lives.

The index blends how often a hazard strikes, what it would cost, and how vulnerable and resilient the community is. Inland flooding (rivers and heavy rain) scores 61, tornado 57, winter weather 76.

Source: FEMA National Risk Index, census tracts, December 2025 release, weighted to this ZIP by 2020 block population · FEMA National Risk Index · NRI census tract layer (ArcGIS)

Climate

Temperature

53.9°F average; typical January low 22°, July high 86°

Hot and cold days

20 days a year reach 90°F; 110 nights fall below freezing, 4 below 0°F; 27 days never climb above freezing

Rain and snow

42.2 inches of precipitation on 86 days with a tenth of an inch or more; 19 inches of snow on 7 days with an inch or more, snow on the ground 26 days

Degree days

5,108 heating, 1,096 cooling (base 65°F): the higher the heating number, the bigger the winter gas bill

Drought (U.S. Drought Monitor): since 2020 Delaware County has spent 22 weeks in moderate drought or worse, 5 of them severe or worse (most recently 5 weeks in 2024), and 85 weeks at least abnormally dry. The worst since 2000 was severe drought in 2024/11; 4% of all weeks since 2000 were in drought. As of 2026-09-01: no drought.

Long run (NOAA, Delaware County): the average year ran 52.2 °F over 1996 to 2025 against 50.5 °F over 1901 to 1930, 1.7 °F warmer (1.7 °F warmer than 1951 to 1980); the warmest year on record was 2024 at 55.2 °F, and 2025 came in at 51.9 °F. Precipitation averaged 41.1 inches a year lately against 38.7 a century ago, 6% more; the wettest year was 2011 with 55.1 inches, and 2025 brought 35.9. More rain in bigger bursts is what strains storm sewers and septic fields.

Stations: Westerville (14 mi, temperature and precipitation and snowfall; 26 years of snowfall record). Normals are thirty-year averages, so a single winter can run far above or below them.

Source: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, U.S. Climate Normals 1991-2020 (annual/seasonal and monthly); nearest reporting station to the ZIP's population-weighted center for each element; U.S. Drought Monitor county statistics · NOAA climate normals · NOAA climate at a glance · U.S. Drought Monitor

Air quality

Worst days

98th-percentile day 18.9 µg/m³ (24-hour standard 35)

Ozone

70 ppb, 4th-highest daily 8-hour reading at Delaware, 5.9 mi away (standard 70)

Delaware County AQI, 2025

204 good days, 35 moderate, 3 unhealthy for sensitive groups or worse of the 242 days indexed; peak 119, median 40

Delaware County AQI, 2026 so far

55 good days, 6 moderate and 0 unhealthy for sensitive groups or worse in the 61 days indexed through April 30; peak 64 (Ozone)

Air toxics

30 in a million lifetime cancer risk from outdoor air toxics across Delaware County (EPA AirToxScreen 2020), mostly formaldehyde (17) and carbon tetrachloride (3)

Permitted sources

no permitted air source operates inside this ZIP; nearest major source Liberty Casting Inc in Delaware, 7.2 mi (EPA ECHO)

Air standards

Delaware County is a maintenance area for ozone (2008) (Columbus, OH, redesignated 2016), ozone (2015) (Columbus, OH, redesignated 2019), fine particulate (1997) (Columbus, OH, redesignated 2013), meaning it once failed that standard and must keep a plan to stay clean (EPA Green Book)

Ohio has 38 PM2.5 monitors, mostly in cities and near industry, so a rural ZIP borrows a reading from far away. 2025 includes Canadian wildfire smoke days. Air-toxics risk is EPA's modelled lifetime estimate for the county as a whole; EPA's national average is about 30 in a million, and formaldehyde, with the globally mixed carbon tetrachloride background and acetaldehyde, makes up most of it.

Source: EPA Air Quality System, 2025 annual summary files (monitor annual concentrations, county AQI) and the 2026 daily county AQI file; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center to the nearest monitor · EPA air data files · EPA AirToxScreen · EPA Green Book · EPA ECHO

Toxic and Superfund sites

0 facilities have reported toxic chemical releases or transfers to EPA's inventory from inside this ZIP, and 0 sites appear in the Superfund program's list (most assessed and never listed).

Nearest landfill: Oxford Township Landfill, 4 mi from the center, municipal solid waste landfill. Ohio EPA's list includes closed and historic dumps.

Voluntary cleanups: 0 properties inside this ZIP hold an Ohio EPA covenant not to sue after a Voluntary Action Program cleanup; 0 such properties within 3 miles of the population center, nearest Grady Memorial Hospital, Delaware, 7.1 mi. These are former industrial and commercial sites certified clean enough to reuse.

Solid waste: no licensed solid waste facility inside this ZIP; nearest Delaware County Transfer and Recycling Center (transfer station), 4.7 mi from the center; 2 within 5 miles of the center (Ohio EPA licences, 2026). Compost sites and transfer stations are where most of a county's trash and yard waste actually goes.

Underground tanks: no underground storage tanks in use, 2 closed over the years; 2 leaking-tank releases on record, 2 open at the time (EPA UST Finder, Ohio records as of 2018-2019).

Drop-off sites: the nearest scrap tire drop-off is Delaware County Transfer Station, Delaware OH, 4.6 mi away (1 within 15 mi); the nearest household battery drop-off is Direct Tools Factory Outlet, Sunbury, 5.1 mi away (6 within 15 mi) (Ohio EPA).

The inventory covers larger manufacturers and federal facilities that use listed chemicals; reporting means use or release, not a measured hazard to neighbours. Superfund status: on, proposed for, or deleted from the list after cleanup.

Source: EPA Facility Registry Service, Superfund (SEMS and NPL) sites and Toxics Release Inventory reporters, points inside the ZIP boundary; distance from the ZIP's population-weighted center · EPA Facility Registry · EPA Superfund sites · Ohio EPA cleanup sites · EPA UST Finder · EPA ECHO

Toxic releases

No facility inside this ZIP files a Toxics Release Inventory report. Only plants in listed industries with 10 or more workers that handle a listed chemical above its threshold must file, so small shops and most businesses never appear.

Source: EPA Toxics Release Inventory, basic data files for Ohio, reporting years 2020 to 2024 (2024 shown); facilities placed by their coordinates; dioxin rows reported in grams are left out of the pound totals · EPA TRI data files

Dams

Nearest high-hazard dam: Delaware Dam, 6.2 mi, condition not available (flood risk reduction, 92 ft high, 132K acre-feet, built 1951, on Olentangy River, federal owned).

No inventoried dam sits inside this ZIP.

"High hazard" describes what a failure would do downstream, not the dam's shape; Ohio rates more than a third of its inventoried dams in poor condition, mostly small private lake dams. Emergency action plans are required for high-hazard dams.

Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Inventory of Dams (August 2026 release); straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center. Condition assessments come from Ohio's dam safety program. · National Inventory of Dams

Disasters on record

Strongest nearby: EF0 on 2020-09-07, 3.21 mi track.

18 federal declarations for Delaware County since Ohio's first in 1956 (12 major disasters): severe storm 6, tornado 3, snowstorm 3. Latest: Tornadoes (2024).

0 earthquakes of magnitude 2 or more within 25 miles since 1970.

Warnings since 2015 (National Weather Service, Delaware County): 16 tornado warnings (2017: 1, 2019: 4, 2020: 2, 2022: 2, 2023: 2, 2024: 5), 160 severe thunderstorm warnings, 20 flash flood warnings, 32 flood warnings and 138 flood advisories, 9 winter storm or blizzard warnings, 27 heat warnings or advisories, 7 extreme cold or wind chill warnings, 2 snow squall warnings; 1,006 products in all.

Mitigation grants (FEMA): 6 hazard mitigation projects in Delaware County since 2011, worth $2.6 million ($1.9 million federal), covering 7 properties; mostly property buyouts, miscellaneous, mitigation planning. Largest: safe rooms for Delaware (County), $967,788 (fiscal 2013).

Disaster aid to households: 2 households in this ZIP registered with FEMA after 1 declared disaster; 1 were approved for $2,600 of housing and other-needs help. Registrations by event: severe winter storms, flooding and mudslides (2005): 2.

147 severe weather reports for Delaware County since 2016 in NOAA's Storm Events log: 92 damaging thunderstorm wind, 27 river and street flooding, 14 hail, 8 flash floods. Largest hail 2 in (Mar 14, 2024); strongest measured gust 70 mph (Jul 23, 2022); 3 injuries; about $1.5 million in reported damage, the costliest being tornadoes on Mar 14, 2024 ($1.0M). Zone-wide advisories add 50 winter weather, 5 high wind, 5 winter storms.

Tornado tracks are straight lines from touchdown to lift-off; a near miss counts, a direct hit is not distinguished. Declarations include the 2020 COVID-19 emergency for every county; the latest, declared 2 May 2024 (DR-4777), covers the 14 March 2024 tornadoes in eleven counties, Indian Lake among them.

Source: NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database 1950-2025; OpenFEMA disaster declarations summaries; USGS earthquake catalog (M2+, 1970 to date); NOAA Storm Events database 2016 to 2026 by county. Distances from the ZIP's population-weighted center. · NOAA SPC tornado data · OpenFEMA · USGS earthquakes · NOAA storm events · IEM warning archive

Spills and releases

By year

2021: 0, 2022: 0, 2023: 0, 2024: 0, 2025: 0, 2026: 0

Anyone who spills more than a reportable quantity must call Ohio EPA within 30 minutes, so the log mixes a few gallons of diesel on a highway shoulder with real releases; the reported volume is the caller's first estimate. Every report in Ohio EPA's open-data layer carries coordinates; air-pollution complaints and calls where nothing was found are left out of this count.

Source: Ohio EPA Emergency Response spill reports (Spills2 open data), reports with coordinates inside the ZIP boundary, 2021 to date · Ohio EPA spills data · Ohio EPA Office of Emergency Response

Oil and gas wells

Ohio has drilled since 1860, so most wells here are old, shallow and plugged; unplugged orphans and injection wells are the ones that matter for groundwater. Well-head points can be a few hundred feet off for the oldest records.

Source: Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Oil and Gas Resources Management, public well inventory (well-head points); counts inside the ZIP boundary and within 1 mile of the ZIP's population-weighted center · ODNR oil and gas · ODNR GIS services

Abandoned mines

Undermined land can subside and old workings can discharge acid mine water; ODNR's Abandoned Mine Land program funds repairs, and mine-subsidence insurance is included automatically in 26 eastern counties and offered as an option in 11 more. Maps drawn before 1977 are incomplete, so "none" means none mapped.

Quarries, pits and working mines: nearest Delaware Plant (limestone, National Lime & Stone Co., 2,970,000 tons sold), 10.3 mi away in Delaware County; 0 within 3 miles, 0 within 10 (ODNR Industrial Minerals Locations, 2015, which includes surface and underground coal mines).

Source: Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Mines of Ohio (abandoned underground mine maps, coal and industrial minerals, pre-1977), overlaid on the ZIP boundary in an equal-area projection · ODNR mines of Ohio · ODNR Geological Survey

Soils and septic

Soil

Gallman silt loam, loamy substratum, 2 to 6 percent slopes; Gallman makes up 90% of the unit, 4% slope

Water

well drained; flooding none, ponding none

Septic

Not limited for a leach field under Ohio's rule (very limited under the national rule)

Basements

Not limited for dwellings with basements

Farmland

All areas are prime farmland

Elevation

925 feet above sea level at the ZIP's population center; Ohio runs from 455 feet where the Ohio River leaves the state to 1,549 feet at Campbell Hill

One point stands for the ZIP; soils change field by field, and a site evaluation is what the health department goes by. "Very limited" means the standard design will not work, not that nothing will.

Source: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, SSURGO soil survey via Soil Data Access; the map unit at the ZIP's population-weighted center and its dominant component's interpretations; Copernicus GLO-90 elevation model (via Open-Meteo) at that center · USDA Soil Data Access · Web Soil Survey · Open-Meteo elevation

Parks and public land

Nearest state park: Alum Creek State Park, 2.9 mi.

Trails: no built named trail crosses this ZIP; nearest is the Ohio to Erie Trail, 9 mi from the ZIP's center (ODNR statewide trails inventory).

Open access as reported by each owner; local inventories vary, so a golf course or school field can be listed and a new park missed.

State lands nearby (ODNR facility layers): nearest boat ramp: Howard Road at Alum Creek State Park, 2.9 mi (1 within 5 miles); fishing access: Fishing Access at Alum Creek State Park, 6.2 mi (0 within 5 miles); swim area: Boater Swim Area at Alum Creek State Park, 3.8 mi (2 within 5 miles); campground: Campground/Campsite at Alum Creek State Park, 6.4 mi (0 within 5 miles).

Source: USGS Protected Areas Database of the United States 4.1 (open-access fee, designation and easement polygons), overlaid on the ZIP boundary; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center to the nearest ODNR state park · USGS PAD-US · ODNR GIS services

Wetlands

High-quality wetlands: nearest is Delaware WA (Ohio DNR), 79 acres, 5.3 mi away; 1 within 10 miles.

Mitigation sites: nearest , 1.5 mi away (a permittee-responsible site); 9 within 10 miles. These are wetlands and streams built or restored to replace ones filled under Clean Water Act permits.

Assessed wetland: nearest Delaware State Park Beach 3, a wetland, 6.4 mi away: ORAM 55 of 100 (category 2) (surveyed 2009); 18 within 10 miles. Category 3 wetlands are the state's best and hardest to fill; category 1 are degraded.

Mapped from aerial photography, mostly 2004 to 2007 (the Lake Erie watersheds were re-mapped from 2021 imagery, a few areas date from 1976 to 2005 or 2014 to 2023), so small and seasonal wetlands are undercounted and ponds dug or filled since then are missing; a site delineation decides whether a lot is jurisdictional. Emergent means marsh, forested and shrub means swamp.

Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wetlands Inventory (Ohio geodatabase), freshwater wetland and pond polygons clipped to the ZIP boundary; lakes and river channels excluded, imagery mostly 2004 to 2007 (Lake Erie basin 2021) · USFWS wetlands inventory · Ohio EPA GIS services

Land cover

Developed

98%: 10% medium (apartments, small-lot houses), 73% low (houses on larger lots), 15% open space (lawns, parks, golf courses, road verges)

Farmland

1.9%: 0.0% row crops, 1.9% pasture and hay

Forest

0.0%

Water and wetland

0.0% open water, 0.0% wetland

Paved and roofed

31% of the ZIP's surface is impervious; rain that lands there runs straight to a storm drain or stream instead of soaking in

Tree canopy

15% of the ZIP sits under tree canopy

Area

under 0.1 square miles of land

Land cover is classified from Landsat imagery at 30 metre pixels, so a house on a wooded lot can read as forest and a farm lane as open space. Stream health starts to slip once about 10% of a watershed is impervious, and is usually poor above 25%.

Source: National Land Cover Database 2021 (USGS and the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium): land cover, percent impervious surface and tree canopy at 30 m, summarised over the ZIP boundary · NLCD · USDA Cropland Data Layer · ODNR pre-settlement vegetation

People

The Census Bureau's survey counts no adults 25 and over living in this ZIP, so the education, race and origin shares this card is built on are not available.

Moving

15,034 people moved into Delaware County between the returns they filed in 2022 and 2023 and 11,967 moved out (net +3,067, 196,275 stayed put); most arrivals came from Franklin, OH (7,675), Union, OH (333), Licking, OH (243); most leavers went to Franklin, OH (4,187), Union, OH (437), Morrow, OH (434) (IRS)

Metro or rural

USDA rural-urban continuum code 1 of 9 for Delaware County: metro - counties in metro areas of 1 million population or more

County growth

Delaware County went from 214,141 people in April 2020 to 242,032 in July 2025 (+13.0%): 10,534 births, 7,772 deaths and a net +24,155 from migration since 2020; in 2025 alone a net 3,718 moved in from elsewhere in the U.S. and 945 arrived from abroad (Census estimates)

Since 1900

First counted in 1810 with 2,000 people and 21,817 by 1850, Delaware County counted 26,401 people in 1900, 30,278 in 1950, 42,908 in 1970, 109,974 in 2000 and 214,141 in 2020; it has never been larger than today (9.2 times its 1900 size, decennial censuses)

Commuting area: USDA classes this ZIP as a metropolitan suburb with heavy commuting to the core (rural-urban commuting area code 2 of 10, 2020 edition).

Five-year averages centered on 2022. Moves count people on tax returns whose address changed county, so students and the very poor are undercounted.

Source: Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020 to 2024 five-year estimates by ZIP Code Tabulation Area (tables B15003, B03002, B05002, B21001, B01001, B25010, B11001, B17001, B19083, B04006, B07003, C16002, B05006, B11005, B11007, B12001); county population estimates, vintage 2025; IRS exempt organization master file; USDA rural-urban continuum codes 2023; USDA ERS rural-urban commuting area codes 2020; 2020 Census PL 94-171 redistricting file, group quarters (table P5); IRS Statistics of Income county migration, returns filed in 2022 and 2023; Census SAIPE 2024 county poverty and median income; decennial county counts from the Census Bureau report Population of States and Counties of the United States 1790 to 1990 · Census ACS · Census population estimates · IRS migration data · USDA ERS county codes · USDA ERS commuting area codes · 2020 Census redistricting data · Census SAIPE · IRS exempt organizations

Jobs and commuting

Largest employers by sector: Public administration 16. 0% of local jobs pay over $3,333 a month, and 85% of residents' jobs do.

Workplace safety (OSHA): no inspection since 2020 (3 on record since the 1970s). No worker death investigated since 2015.

County labor market: Delaware County's unemployment rate was 2.9% in July 2026 (4.0% a year earlier), with 128,967 people in the labor force and 3,775 looking for work. Employers in the county paid an average of $1,836 a week in the first quarter of 2026 (up 12.0% on the year) to 99,464 workers at 7,562 establishments, employment up 1.0%; the largest private sectors are company management (13,103 jobs, $4,274 a week), retail (12,266 jobs, $698 a week), health care and social assistance (12,062 jobs, $1,145 a week). (BLS)

Federal money: in fiscal 2025 the federal government obligated $146 million in contracts performed in Delaware County ($682 a resident) and $175 million in grants ($817 a resident) and $1.9 billion in direct payments to people and organizations (USAspending; Social Security, Medicare and most benefits are not counted).

County economy: Delaware County produced $15.4 billion of real GDP in 2024 (2017 dollars, up 18.3% since 2019); personal income came to $96,573 a person in 2024, 1st of Ohio's 88 counties and up 27% since 2019 before inflation (BEA).

County type (USDA ERS, 2015 codes): Delaware County is a metro county with a nonspecialized economy, flagged for being a retirement destination.

Where residents work: 0% inside this ZIP; 23% in Delaware (43015), 23% in Columbus (43215), 8% in Lewis Center (43035) (shares of the 13 residents with an Ohio workplace).

Unemployment-insurance records tie each job to a workplace and a home address; large employers sometimes report every worker at a headquarters, which inflates a few ZIPs. Self-employment, the military, the Postal Service, most farm work and a large part of federal civilian employment are missing (federal jobs come from OPM records that omit several agencies and, in practice, most of Wright-Patterson).

Source: Census Bureau LEHD Origin-Destination Employment Statistics (LODES 8), 2023, all jobs; populated census blocks assigned to ZIP Code Tabulation Areas by interior point, workplace-only blocks by the majority ZCTA of their block group or tract; Census ZIP Code Business Patterns 2023; OSHA enforcement data via the Labor Department open data catalog; BLS county unemployment (LAUS) and wages (QCEW); Census ACS 2020 to 2024 labor force by ZIP Code Tabulation Area (B23025); USAspending federal awards by county, fiscal 2025; BEA county GDP and personal income · Census LEHD · BLS local unemployment · BLS QCEW · BEA county GDP · USAspending · OSHA enforcement data · Census ZIP Business Patterns · Census ACS · USDA ERS county typology · CDFI Fund Opportunity Zones

Upward mobility

Meaning

below the Ohio median: low-income children here mostly stayed in the lower half

Incarceration

3.1% of those children were in jail or prison on census day 2010

Coverage

100% of the ZIP's residents live in tracts with an estimate

The rank describes people born around 1980 who were children here in the 1980s and 1990s; neighbourhoods change, so it is a record of what the place did for one generation, not a forecast. Estimates for small tracts are noisy.

Source: Opportunity Atlas tract outcomes (Chetty, Friedman, Hendren, Jones and Porter, 2018; Census Bureau and IRS data for children born 1978 to 1983), population-weighted to ZIPs through 2020 census blocks · Opportunity Atlas · Opportunity Insights data

Social vulnerability

Socioeconomic status

38th percentile: poverty, unemployment, housing cost burden, no high school diploma, no health insurance

Household characteristics

6th: people 65 and over or 17 and under, disability, single-parent households, limited English

Racial and ethnic minority status

23rd

Housing and transportation

27th: multi-unit and mobile homes, crowding, no vehicle, group quarters

The index ranks tracts on how much help their residents would need in a disaster or disease outbreak, using American Community Survey 2018 to 2022 figures. Ranks are within Ohio; a ZIP is the average of its tracts weighted by residents.

Source: CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index 2022, census tracts ranked among Ohio tracts, population-weighted to the ZIP through 2020 census blocks · CDC/ATSDR SVI

Community health

CDC publishes no estimate for this ZIP.

County (County Health Rankings 2025): Delaware County sits in health group 1 of 10 among U.S. counties for population health (1 is healthiest) and group 1 for community conditions. Premature death 4,329 (Ohio 9,740) years of life lost before 75 per 100,000; one primary care doctor for every 677 people (Ohio 1,328), one mental health provider for every 628 people (Ohio 286), one dentist for every 1,582 people (Ohio 1,535); preventable hospital stays 1,596 (Ohio 3,033) per 100,000 Medicare enrollees; injury deaths 51.6 (Ohio 100.7) and suicides 11.3 (Ohio 14.7) per 100,000; infant deaths 3.5 (Ohio 7.0) per 1,000 births; teen births 3.5 (Ohio 17.4) per 1,000 girls 15 to 19; children in poverty 5.5 (Ohio 17.5) percent; fine-particle air pollution 8.2 (Ohio 7.8) micrograms per cubic metre; at least one community water system in the county had a health-based drinking water violation in 2023. Drug overdoses: 12 deaths in the 12 months ending December 2025 (23 a year earlier, 40 at the highest since 2020, in the 12 months ending August 2021), about 5.2 per 100,000 residents against 20.8 statewide (CDC provisional counts).

Cancer (NCI State Cancer Profiles): Delaware County records 453.6 new cancers a year per 100,000 people, age-adjusted, for 2018 to 2022 (Ohio 472.9, U.S. 448.6), about 1,099 cases a year, with the rate falling 0.5% a year; cancer deaths 129.1 per 100,000 (Ohio 160.3, U.S. 145.4), falling. By site, per 100,000 (Ohio in parentheses): lung 44.6 (63.6), colorectal 32.1 (38.4), female breast 146.6 (133), prostate 142.5 (120.8), bladder 19 (21.8), leukemia 11 (13).

Medicare: 41,593 people in Delaware County were on Medicare in 2025 (17% of residents): 38,902 aged 65 or over and 2,691 younger people with disabilities. 48% chose a Medicare Advantage plan, 8% also had Medicaid and 85% had Part D drug coverage; enrollment is up 25% since 2020 (CMS).

Source: CDC PLACES, 2025 release (BRFSS 2023 and 2022, ACS 2019-2023), model-based ZCTA estimates of crude adult prevalence; County Health Rankings 2025 and CDC provisional overdose counts for the county; HRSA shortage area designations weighted to the ZIP; Census ACS 2020 to 2024 (insurance, disability); CMS Medicare Monthly Enrollment, county, 2025 · CDC PLACES · County Health Rankings · CDC overdose data · NCI cancer profiles · HRSA data

Life expectancy

Ohio's statewide figure for the same years was 77.6; the United States 78.7. Differences of a year or two between neighbouring ZIPs are within the estimates' error; differences of five or more are real and track income, smoking and access to care.

Source: CDC National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Small-area Life Expectancy Estimates Project (USALEEP), 2010-2015, census tracts weighted by 2020 block population · CDC USALEEP

Nearest hospital

152 beds · no trauma designation listed · 1 general or critical-access hospital within 10 miles, 9 within 25.

Medicare rating: ★★★★☆ · emergency room: yes · typical ER visit 154 minutes door to discharge (Ohio median 155)

Patients' verdict: 76% would definitely recommend it, 78% rated their stay 9 or 10 out of 10 (★★★★☆ patient-experience rating, 500 surveys).

Outcomes: 30-day death rates after heart failure 13.1% (about the national rate), pneumonia 13.9% (about the national rate), July 2022 to June 2025; the patient-safety composite for serious complications (July 2022 to June 2024) is about the national value (Medicare).

Community health center: nearest Southeast, Inc. - Delaware Health Center, Delaware, 4.9 mi away; 0 within 3 miles, 1 within 10. These federally funded clinics see anyone and charge on a sliding scale.

Veterans: nearest VA site is Marion VA Clinic, Marion (primary care outpatient clinic), 18.6 mi away; 0 VA sites within 10 miles, 5 within 25.

Dialysis: nearest Fmc - Delaware Dialysis, Delaware, 7.1 mi away, 13 stations, Medicare ★★★☆☆ (Fresenius Medical Care); 0 within 5 miles, 2 within 15.

Source: federal HIFLD hospital inventory (via FEMA) with Medicare Care Compare star ratings, emergency-service flags, median emergency department times (measure OP_18b), HCAHPS patient survey results and 30-day death rates and patient-safety composites (Complications and Deaths file; a campus with no record of its own carries its parent hospital's figures, labelled); NPPES NPI registry, August 2026 monthly file, active records by practice ZIP; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center (some listings lag closures and mergers); HRSA health center sites, CMS dialysis facilities (geocoded with the Census geocoder) and the VA facility list · CMS Care Compare data · HIFLD · HRSA data · CMS NPI files

Nursing homes

0 certified homes within 5 miles, 14 within 15.

Medicare rating

★★★★★ overall; inspections ★★★☆☆; staffing ★★★★★

Beds

47 certified

Ownership

Non profit, corporation

Penalties

no federal fines or payment denials since 2023 (CMS)

Stars are Medicare's Care Compare ratings; a 1-star home failed inspections or is thinly staffed, and the abuse flag means a citation for harm in the past year or two. Ratings shift every quarter.

Source: Medicare Care Compare nursing home provider and penalties files (CMS), geocoded with the Census Bureau; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center · CMS Care Compare data

Crime

Violent

85 offenses: 2 murders, 13 rapes, 6 robberies, 64 aggravated assaults (0.8 per 1,000 residents; Ohio 3.2)

Property

956 offenses: 62 burglaries, 837 thefts, 54 vehicle thefts (8.8 per 1,000; Ohio 16.9)

Other

203 simple assaults, 204 vandalism reports, 259 drug offenses, 21 weapons violations

Reporting

12 months of 2024 on file; 108,391 residents served

Trend

violent offenses up 29% from 66 in 2023; property down 15% from 1,123

Rates cover the whole agency's territory, not this ZIP alone: a city's downtown and its quiet edges share one number. Murders, rapes and assaults are counted once per victim and other offenses once per incident, as the FBI's Crime Data Explorer does; a large department's figures can still fall somewhat short of the Explorer's, which takes in later submissions, and a sheriff's population is only the unincorporated area it serves.

Source: FBI Crime Data Explorer, NIBRS incident data for Ohio, 2024 (2023 for the trend): Group A offenses per reporting agency (violent = murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault; property = burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson), murders, rapes and assaults counted once per victim; the agency is the police department of the ZIP's largest local government (city, village or township) when it has one of its own, found in the FBI's 2023 and 2024 rosters or the USGS police station inventory, otherwise the sheriff of the ZIP's county; a rate needs at least six months of 2024 on file and is annualized from fewer than 12; the Ohio figures pool the 511 police departments and sheriff's offices with all 12 months on file · FBI Crime Data Explorer · USGS structures service

Police and post office

0 stations within 3 miles, 5 within 8.

Nearest post office: Kilbourne Post Office, 0 mi; 1 inside this ZIP.

Townships without their own department are policed by the county sheriff, whose office may be at the county seat; the state highway patrol covers the roads. The inventory lists stations, not patrol zones. It also misses some departments and still lists some that have closed; the atlas adds the departments that reported at least six months of 2024 crimes to the FBI but had no station in it, and drops the closed and duplicate records it found.

Source: USGS National Map structures inventory (police stations, post offices), with closed and duplicate records dropped, wrong names corrected and departments it lacks added from OpenStreetMap and the Census Bureau geocoder (September 2026); straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center · USGS structures service · OpenStreetMap · Census Bureau geocoder

Fire and EMS

0 stations within 3 miles, 8 within 8.

No station sits inside this ZIP's boundary.

Source: USGS National Map structures inventory (fire and EMS stations; most Ohio records last updated 2019 to 2022), Columbus- and Cleveland-area stations checked against the cities' station lists, September 2026. Indiana, Michigan and Pennsylvania stations near the line are included; Kentucky and West Virginia stations across the Ohio River are not. Straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center. Stations open or close without the inventory always catching up. · USGS structures service · Columbus fire stations · Cleveland fire stations

Public library

0 libraries within 3 miles, 3 within 8.

Open

about 50 hours a week

Building

5,838 square feet

Wornstaff Memorial Public Library

1 building, serves 2K people, 4.2 visits per resident a year, 17K items lent, 216 programs, $335K annual income

Museums: nearest Preservation Parks Delaware County, historical society, Sunbury, 1.3 mi away; 1 within 5 miles, 16 within 15 (IMLS 2018 directory: museums, historical societies, gardens and zoos).

Source: Institute of Museum and Library Services, Public Libraries Survey fiscal 2024 (outlet and system files) and Museum Data Files 2018 (museums); straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center · IMLS Public Libraries Survey · IMLS Museum Data Files

Grocery access

Distance

100% of residents live more than half a mile from a supermarket, 99% more than 1 mile

Without a car

0% live in a tract flagged for low income and low vehicle access

Poverty

4.5% of residents below the poverty line

SNAP stores

no supermarket or grocery store inside this ZIP take SNAP, alongside 0 convenience stores; nearest supermarket or grocery store Kroger (super store), 4.5 mi from the ZIP's center; 0 supermarkets and grocery stores within 3 miles (USDA, 2026)

Setting

0% of residents in urban tracts, across 2 tracts

A "supermarket" here is a large grocery store, supercenter or club; dollar stores and corner groceries do not count, and stores that opened since 2019 are missing from the distance figures; the SNAP store list is current. Rural distance flags mean a long drive, not necessarily hardship.

Source: USDA Economic Research Service, Food Access Research Atlas: 2019 Large Retailer Access Map (2010 census tracts, 2019 supermarket list; ERS's name for this file since July 2026), tract values weighted into ZIPs by 2020 census block population; SNAP store counts from USDA Food and Nutrition Service retailer locations, 2026; SNAP and no-vehicle households from Census ACS 2020 to 2024 · USDA ERS Large Retailer Access Map · USDA SNAP retailers · Census ACS

History

Before the settlers

The 1880 county history records that a salt lick in the northeast quarter of the township was a source of salt for Native people before the federal government surveyed the county, leading Congress to set aside a 4,000-acre reservation there for the State's educational fund. The same chapter notes that several small streams feeding Alum Creek within Brown Township, including Leatherwood Run, were "noted for having been the ancient sites of Indian encampments," from a time when the Scioto Valley formed part of the hunting grounds of the Delawares and Mingoes, though it does not name a specific village. Separately, on a farm formerly belonging to Isaac Eaton (later William Williams), a conical earthen mound about eight feet high and forty feet across, surrounded by a ditch and low embankment with a gateway-like opening, was opened by local residents; inside they found a well-preserved skeleton and charred wood, "relics pertaining to this lost race of people" - almost certainly a mound built by the Adena or a related mound-building culture, though the 1880 source does not use that terminology. For county-level Native history, including the Delaware and Mingo villages near the city of Delaware, see the Delaware County file.

Peoples named in the record: Lenape (Delaware), Mingo (Seneca-Cayuga), Adena culture.

• Brown Township salt lick other · northeast quarter of Brown Township · pre-settlement source
• Leatherwood Run encampments camp · along Leatherwood Run, Brown Township · pre-settlement source
• Williams farm mound mound · on the former Isaac Eaton (later William Williams) farm, Brown Township · likely Adena or related mound-building culture source

Delaware County

Delaware County's prehistoric record centers on the Adena and a related Late Prehistoric culture; no Paleo-Indian or Archaic site turned up in the sources checked, which is a gap in the record rather than evidence of absence. The best-preserved earthwork is the Highbank Park Works, a thirteen-acre semi-elliptical embankment of four three-foot-high sections bordered by a ditch, on the Olentangy's east bank in what is now Highbanks Metro Park (Orange Township); Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis surveyed a related earthwork here in 1846 and published it as Plate XIV of their 1848 Ancient Monuments… more

Ohio before the treaties: peoples, earthworks and cessionsstatewide

Periods

• Paleo-Indian, about 13,000 to 8,000 BC
• Archaic, about 8000 to 800 BC
• Early Woodland / Adena, about 800 BC to AD 100
• Middle Woodland / Hopewell, about 100 BC to AD 500
• Late Woodland, about AD 500 to 1000
• Late Prehistoric / Fort Ancient and Whittlesey, about AD 1000 to 1650
• Protohistoric, the Erie and the Beaver Wars, roughly 1650s
• Historic, 1700s resettlement
• Removal, roughly 1795 to 1843

Nations of the 1700s

Shawnee, Wyandot, Lenape (Delaware), Miami, Mingo (Seneca-Cayuga), Seneca (of Sandusky), Ottawa (Odawa), Erie, Ojibwe (Chippewa) / Potawatomi.

Treaties that ceded Ohio land

• Treaty of Fort McIntosh (1785): US commissioners George Rogers Clark, Richard Butler, and Arthur Lee; Wyandot, Delaware (Lenape), Ojibwe (Chippewa), and Odawa (Ottawa).
• Treaty of Fort Harmar (1789): US commissioner Arthur St. Clair (governor, Northwest Territory), with Josiah Harmar and Richard Butler; Haudenosaunee, Ojibwe, Odawa, Potawatomi, Sauk, Wyandot…
• Treaty of Greenville (1795): US commissioner Major General Anthony Wayne; twelve nations of the Western Confederacy — Wyandot, Delaware (Lenape), Shawnee, Odawa (Ottawa), Ojibwe (Chippewa),…
• Treaty of Fort Industry (1805): US Indian agent Charles Jouett; Ottawa, Potawatomi, Ojibwe (Chippewa), Wyandot, Munsee, Delaware (Lenape), and Shawnee.
• Treaty of Detroit (1807): William Hull (governor, Michigan Territory); Ottawa, Ojibwe (Chippewa), Wyandot, and Potawatomi.
• Treaty of Brownstown (1808): William Hull for the US; Ojibwe (Chippewa), Ottawa, and Potawatomi (Council of Three Fires), plus Wyandot and Shawnee.
• Treaty of Fort Meigs / Maumee Rapids (1817): US commissioners Lewis Cass and Duncan McArthur; Wyandot, Seneca, Delaware (Lenape), Shawnee, Potawatomi, Ottawa, and Ojibwe (Chippewa).
• Treaty of St. Marys (1818): US commissioners Jonathan Jennings, Lewis Cass, and Benjamin Parke; across the six agreements: Wyandot/Seneca/Shawnee/Ottawa (September 17), Wyandot again (Sept…
• Treaty of Lewistown and Treaty of Wapakoneta (1831)
• Treaty of Upper Sandusky / Wyandot (1842): The Wyandot Nation and the US government. I could not confirm the US commissioner's name from any source I opened — flagged gap.

Earthworks that survive

• Newark Earthworks (overall complex) (Licking County), Hopewell
• Great Circle Earthworks (Licking County), Hopewell
• Octagon Earthworks (Licking County), Hopewell
• Serpent Mound (Adams County), Disputed
• Fort Ancient (Warren County), Hopewell
• Hopewell Culture National Historical Park (Ross County), Hopewell
• Miamisburg Mound (Montgomery County), Adena
• Shrum Mound (Franklin County), Adena
• Fort Hill (Highland County), Hopewell
• Marietta Earthworks (Washington County), Hopewell
• Flint Ridge (Straddles the Licking–Muskingum county line; the Ohio History Connection's preserve itself sits in Hopewell Township, Licking County, about 3 miles north of Brownsville. County), Used by essentially every prehistoric culture in the region across more than 10,000 years, with especially intensive use by the Hopewell

Statewide notes researched from archive.org, delawaretribe.org, en.wikipedia.org and others; every entry carries its own links in the research file.

How Brown Township, Delaware County began

Brown Township grew up around a salt lick that Native people had worked long before white settlement, a resource the federal government reserved as a 4,000-acre "salt section" and leased in 1817 to speculators who bored 480 feet without striking usable brine before the venture failed and the land was auctioned off in 1826. The township itself was not organized as a separate entity until about that same year - the exact date lost when the county commissioners' record book for 1822 to 1831 went missing - after Daniel G. Thurston became its first permanent settler in 1817, following an earlier, failed 1809 settlement remembered only as "Bowetown." Out of this salt-reservation land grew the villages of Eden and, from an 1838 post office originally called "Kilbourn," the place known today as Kilbourne; the township also raised John Calvin Lee, who went on to serve twice as Ohio's Lieutenant Governor under Rutherford B. Hayes.

Settled 1809, incorporated c. 1826. source

The name. No source consulted explains why the township is named Brown, one of eight Ohio townships bearing that name. The 1880 county history, contributed by Dr. S. W. Fowler, gives only the township's tangled organizational history: originally split between Radnor and Berkshire townships when the county formed in 1808, transferred in parts to Delaware Township (1808) and Peru Township (1817), before finally being organized as Brown Township sometime between 1822 and 1831 - probably about 1826 - once the salt-reservation lots were surveyed and sold. source

Timeline14

• 1795The Treaty of Greenville cedes most of what becomes Ohio, including the future Brown Township, to the United States. source
• c. 1804-1805Dr. John Loofbourrow, learning the location of the salt lick from friendly Native informants, begins boiling salt there with his freedman, Oko Richey, in iron kettles. source
• 1809Erastus Bowe, from Vermont, builds a cabin in the extreme southwest corner of the future township and calls the place "Bowetown"; he leaves within a few years and the place is never platted or further settled. source
• 1817Daniel G. Thurston becomes the township's first permanent settler, moving from Berkshire Township onto the Alum Creek salt reservation. source
• 1817A company including Thurston leases 1,000 acres around the salt lick from the State and bores to a depth of 480 feet without finding brine in paying quantities. source
• 1826-11The failed salt reservation, surveyed into 100-acre lots, is sold at public auction, with early improvers given first refusal on the land they had worked. source
• c. 1826Brown Township is organized as a separate civil township, its exact date lost with the county commissioners' missing 1822-1831 record book. source
• 1830The township's first schoolhouse is built on Alum Creek near an ever-flowing spring, just north of Eden village. source
• 1838The government commissions C. M. Thrall as postmaster at the village of Eden, naming the post office "Kilbourn" - the origin of the modern place name Kilbourne. source
• 1849John Calvin Lee is born in Brown Township on the Peter Baker farm, where his father Hugh Lee had settled in 1827. source
• 1852Leonardsburg, or Eden Station, is laid out by S. G. Caulkins near the township's north line and named for its first merchant, A. Leonard. source
• 1852-1854The Delaware County infirmary (poorhouse) is built in Brown Township on land purchased from Joseph Blain, near the center of the township. source
• 1867John Calvin Lee, born in Brown Township, is elected Lieutenant Governor of Ohio on the ticket with Rutherford B. Hayes; he is elected again in 1869. source
• 1969Del-Co Water Company is founded by Ralph Scott, Timothy McNamara and Gerald Solt, financed through the USDA Farmers Home Administration, later serving rural Brown Township customers. source

Stories

Boiling Salt with "Friday"

Dr. John Loofbourrow, a Virginia physician who had settled in neighboring Berkshire Township, learned from friendly Native visitors where they gathered the salt his own household needed, and found the source only about five miles north, up the creek from his own place. With his household helper, a Black man remembered in the 1880 county history only by the name "Friday," Oko Richey, Loofbourrow built a furnace, set up large iron kettles, and began the slow work of boiling brine into salt - enough, in time, to make the two of them known locally as salt merchants. After about twelve years the operation drew the interest of a company of speculators who leased 1,000 acres around the site from the State in 1817, promising to bore at least 200 feet for a proper well; they went to 480 feet and found nothing worth having, and by 1826 the whole "salt reservation" had to be surveyed into ordinary farm lots and auctioned off, with Loofbourrow himself having already given up and moved to Wisconsin. source

The Post Office That Named a Village

For the first twenty-one years after Daniel Thurston's arrival, Brown Township had no post office of its own; residents rode to Berkshire or Delaware for their mail. That changed in 1838, when the government commissioned C. M. Thrall postmaster at the small settlement growing up around Isaac Eaton's survey for Daniel Thurston and Isaac Leonard - a place already known locally as Eden. For reasons the county historian did not record, the post office itself was given a different name entirely: Kilbourn. The village kept the name Eden for its church, its schoolhouse and its town hall, but the post office name eventually became attached to the place itself, and the settlement is known today as Kilbourne - a rare case of a post office renaming the town that housed it rather than the other way around. source

A Farm Boy Becomes Lieutenant Governor

Hugh Lee, a member of the prominent Lee family, settled in Brown Township in 1827 on what was then the Peter Baker farm. His son John Calvin Lee grew up on that farm and, during the Civil War, rose to the rank of Brigadier General. Afterward, running on the ticket with fellow Ohioan Rutherford B. Hayes - later President of the United States - Lee was twice elected Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, in 1867 and again in 1869. The 1880 county history, written while Hayes was still in the White House, noted with evident local pride that the Lee family "did not deteriorate" from its illustrious namesakes, tracing a straight line from a Brown Township farm boyhood to the second-highest office in the state. source

Not found: The one National Register listing in the batch hints sharing Brown's ZIP codes, the Building at 101 North Franklin Street, was checked against the Wikipedia list of county NRHP sites and found to be in Ashley village, which sits in Oxford Township, not Brown Township; it is omitted. No NRHP-listed building could be confirmed as actually standing within Brown Township's own boundaries, and no photograph of Eden, Kilbourne, or Leonardsburg with a clear, usable license could be located on Wikimedia Commons in this pass - the one photograph included here is a modern farm-field view rather than a historic building. The exact date Brown Township was organized (given only as "probably about 1826" in the source) could not be narrowed further. (confidence medium)

Delaware County

Delaware County was created by the Ohio General Assembly on February 10, 1808, out of Franklin County, and named, like its seat, for the Lenape (Delaware) people. The seat, Delaware, was platted that same year by Moses Byxbe and Henry Baldwin on the west bank of the Olentangy River, on the ground of a former Mingo village, Pluggy's Town, and around a sulphur spring that grew into a failed resort hotel before becoming, in 1842-44, the seat of Ohio Wesleyan University. The county gave the country a president, Rutherford B. Hayes, born in Delaware in 1822, and gave up more than half its original territory to the later counties of Union, Marion and Morrow. Four twentieth-century reservoirs - O'Shaughnessy, Delaware Lake, Hoover and Alum Creek - now cover parts of the county's river valleys, the last of them drowning the Underground Railroad settlement of Africa along with a run of Adena burial mounds. Since 1990 Delaware County has been one of Ohio's fastest-growing counties, its population more than doubling as Columbus's northern suburbs - Powell, Lewis Center, Orange Township - filled in what were, within living memory, farm townships.

Settled 1807-12-02 (John Beard buys 624 acres on the Olentangy's west bank, the first settlement within present Delaware Township), platted 1808-05-09 (Moses Byxbe and Henry Baldwin plat the town of Delaware on the Olentangy's west bank, replacing an unrecorded east-bank plat of March 7, 1808), incorporated 1808-02-10 (county organized by act of the Ohio General Assembly); 1816 (town of Delaware incorporated, the first incorporated town in the county); by Ohio General Assembly, 'An Act Establishing the County of Delaware,' organized out of Franklin County; first officers elected that spring: John Welch, Avery Powers and Ezekiel Brown, commissioners; Rev. Jacob Drake, treasurer; Dr. Reuben Lamb, recorder; Solomon Smith, sheriff; Azariah Root, surveyor. source

The name. Delaware County and its seat were both named for the Lenape, whom English speakers called the Delaware after Virginia's colonial governor, Lord De La Warr. Moses Byxbe and Henry Baldwin, who owned the land, chose the name for their new town in 1808, on ground that had itself been a Mingo rather than a Lenape village (Pluggy's Town); the county took the same name when the legislature organized it that February, following a common pattern in early Ohio of naming counties for the Native nations displaced from them rather than for the people who had actually lived on the specific site.

The county seat. Delaware was platted in 1808 by Moses Byxbe and Henry Baldwin on the west bank of the Olentangy River, on and around the sulphur spring and the site of the former Mingo village Pluggy's Town; an earlier plat on the east bank, agreed to in March 1808, was never recorded and was abandoned for the surviving west-bank plat filed that May. Special commissioners fixed Delaware as the permanent county seat in March 1808, over a rival bid by Byxbe himself to make his own land at 'Berkshire Corners' (near present Ostrander) the seat instead; Delaware then narrowly lost a second, larger contest in 1812, when the legislature chose the newly platted Columbus over Delaware as Ohio's state capital by a single vote. The town was incorporated in 1816, the first incorporated town in the county.

Timeline25

• 1772Mingo chief Pluggy founds Pluggy's Town on the Olentangy River, on the ground that becomes the city of Delaware. source
• 1776-12-29Pluggy is shot dead leading an attack on McClelland's Station, Kentucky; Virginia's 1777 campaign against his own town is called off beforehand for fear of striking neutral villages. source
• 1795-08-03The Treaty of Greenville cedes the land that becomes Delaware County to the United States; the treaty line itself forms the county's original northern boundary. source
• 1807-12-02John Beard buys 624 acres on the Olentangy's west bank, the first settlement within present Delaware Township. source
• 1808-02-10The Ohio General Assembly creates Delaware County out of Franklin County. source
• 1808Delaware County's first officers are elected that spring: John Welch, Avery Powers and Ezekiel Brown, commissioners; Jacob Drake, treasurer; Reuben Lamb, recorder; Solomon Smith, sheriff; Azariah Root, surveyor. source
• 1808-05-09Moses Byxbe and Henry Baldwin plat the town of Delaware on the Olentangy's west bank, replacing an unrecorded east-bank plat from that March. source
• 1812Delaware loses the contest for Ohio's new state capital to the newly platted Columbus by a single vote in the legislature. source
• 1816Delaware is incorporated, the first incorporated town in the county. source
• 1820Union County is created, taking the larger part of its territory from Delaware County. source
• 1822-10-04Rutherford B. Hayes, the future 19th president, is born in Delaware, ten weeks after his father's death. source
• 1824Marion County is formed, taking further territory from Delaware County. source
• 1828Moses Byxbe and Henry Baldwin donate four acres, including the sulphur spring, to the village of Delaware. source
• 1834The Mansion House, a hotel built at the sulphur spring to a design by Judge Powell, opens as a health resort; it fails as a business within a few years. source
• 1842/1844Ohio Wesleyan University is chartered by Ohio Methodists in September 1842 and opens in the former Mansion House building in November 1844. source
• 1848Morrow County is formed, bringing Delaware County to its present extent of about 500 square miles in eighteen townships. source
• 1851-04The Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad reaches Delaware, the county's first railroad. source
• 1861-1865Delaware hosts two Union training camps on opposite banks of the Olentangy: one for the white 96th and 121st Ohio infantry regiments, the other for the 127th Ohio Infantry, later renamed the 5th United States Colored Troops. source
• 1913-03-29A flood on the Olentangy River inundates the city of Delaware. source
• 1925The O'Shaughnessy Dam is completed on the Scioto River in southern Delaware County, supplying Columbus with drinking water. source
• 1946The Little Brown Jug harness race is founded at the Delaware County Fairgrounds. source
• 1951Delaware Lake, a flood-control reservoir on the Olentangy north of the city, is completed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. source
• 1955Hoover Reservoir, on Big Walnut Creek, is completed; its dam stands in Franklin County, but most of its water lies within Delaware County's Genoa Township. source
• 1974Alum Creek Reservoir is completed, flooding the Underground Railroad settlement of Africa and the Adena mound valley below it. source
• 2000-2020Delaware County's population nearly doubles, from 109,989 to 214,124, as Columbus's suburbs expand north into the county, making it for years one of the fastest-growing counties in the country. source

County stories

Pluggy's Town

Before there was a Delaware, there was Pluggy's Town, a Mingo village on a horseshoe bend of the Olentangy founded around 1772 by a Mohawk-born chief the settlers called Pluggy. He built a mixed following of Mingo, Shawnee and Wyandot fighters, numbering perhaps 300 by one account, and used exaggeration and rumor as readily as raids to keep the frontier on edge; Virginia officials complained of 'the obstinate and wicked Disposition of the said Indians of Pluggy's Town.' Through 1776, encouraged and supplied by the British commander at Detroit, Henry Hamilton, Pluggy led repeated raids into Kentucky, killing the frontiersman John Gabriel Jones among others. Virginia's government prepared an expedition to strike Pluggy's Town itself in 1777, but Governor Patrick Henry called it off, worried his militia could not tell Pluggy's warriors from the neutral Delaware and Shawnee living nearby. The precaution came too late to matter to Pluggy: on December 29, 1776, storming McClelland's Station in Kentucky, he was shot dead by four of the fort's defenders. His town on the Olentangy outlived him by three decades before Ohio settlers arrived to found Delaware on the same ground. source

The Fight for the County Seat

Moses Byxbe arrived in central Ohio in 1804 already planning to make himself the center of it: he bought land at a place called Berkshire Corners and told prospective settlers it would become not just the Delaware County seat but, if his luck held, the capital of Ohio. Many came on that promise. Then, in 1808, Byxbe quietly bought a half-interest in two military-district sections on the Olentangy from Henry Baldwin of Pittsburgh and abandoned Berkshire overnight for a new town he and Baldwin platted on the river - first on the east bank in March, then, for reasons the record does not explain, on the west bank that May. The sulphur spring nearby gave his new site, in the words of the county's first historians, 'prestige to the location as the probable site of a famous watering-place,' and despite a bitter protest from the Berkshire settlers he had recruited and then abandoned, special commissioners fixed the permanent county seat at Delaware in March 1808. Byxbe's luck ran out only once more: when the legislature chose a site for the new state capital in 1812, Delaware lost to the still-unbuilt town of Columbus by a single vote. source

The Medicine Waters and the Mansion House

Long before Ohio Wesleyan University existed, its ground was known for a sulphur spring that Native visitors, by one settler's account, called the 'Medicine Waters,' a place where buffalo were said to have gathered as readily as people. Moses Byxbe and Henry Baldwin donated four acres around the spring to the village of Delaware in 1828, and in 1833 a newcomer named C. W. Kent proposed leasing the land to build a spa hotel. Kent had no architect nearer than Columbus, so a local judge, Powell, drew the plans himself; the resulting Mansion House opened in 1834, and Kent promptly traveled to New York and bought $10,000 in furnishings on the strength of owning the springs - only to have his creditors seize the goods in Columbus before they ever reached Delaware. The hotel sat empty for two years, ran as a health resort under new management from 1836 to 1840, and, having never quite worked as a business, was then sold to the Methodist Church. Three or four years later, the college that became Ohio Wesleyan University opened inside the old hotel building, which still stands today as Elliott Hall. source

Ten Weeks Fatherless

Rutherford Hayes and Sophia Birchard Hayes moved from Vermont to Delaware, Ohio, part of the wave of settlement that followed the War of 1812. Rutherford Sr. died on July 20, 1822, weeks before his wife gave birth; when their son arrived on October 4, 1822, on East William Street, she named him for the father he never met, Rutherford Birchard Hayes. Sophia raised him and his older sister Fanny alone, never remarrying, in a county that was still mostly recent farmland surveyed out of the old military lands. That infant grew up to practice law, serve as a Union major general, and become the 19th President of the United States in 1877. Delaware's high school now bears his name, and a statue raised by public subscription was dedicated at William and Sandusky streets on October 4, 2019, Hayes's 197th birthday. source

The Welsh of Radnor

David Pugh and Henry Perry, both born in Wales, were the first white settlers in what became Radnor Township, arriving in 1803, years before Delaware County itself existed. Pugh had bought a full section of land from a Dr. Jones of Philadelphia and, in 1805, platted 150 acres of it into blocks and lots as a town he called New Baltimore, convinced it would grow into a great city and make his name. It never did: in the fall of 1810, Thomas Warren, newly arrived from Pennsylvania, bought the whole plat and turned it back into a farm. Other Welsh families - Lodwig, Jenkins, Watkins, the Joneses and Philipses - followed Pugh into Radnor over the next decade, planting a community whose name still echoes a county in Wales, even after Pugh's paper city vanished back into farmland. source

Drake's Defeat

In the summer after Hull's surrender in 1812, Captain William Drake led a company of mounted rangers out from Delaware County toward Lower Sandusky, and on their first night in camp, bored and mischievous, he slipped into the woods, fired his gun, and came running back yelling that Indians were attacking. His own sentries took up the cry; his lieutenant, more devoted to his legs than his weapon, bolted into the forest and ran some ten miles before daybreak, arriving bareheaded at the Radnor settlement swearing the whole company had been massacred but him. Panic spread through Delaware within hours: families fled on horseback, in wagons and on foot toward Worthington, Franklinton and even Chillicothe; in the confusion one family lost a toddler bounced from a moving wagon (he was found safe), and one woman, running back for her baby, grabbed a stick of firewood by mistake and fled with that instead. Drake, oblivious, marched his company on to Sandusky as ordered and finished the campaign without incident, while the settlers who had scattered took days to trickle home and count their losses. He was later elected an associate judge, and the county's first historians note dryly that he was 'never wholly forgiven' by some of the people his joke had put to flight. source

Africa, Under the Reservoir

In the 1820s, Samuel Patterson and other antislavery farmers settled a community on Alum Creek's east side that they first called East Orange; when a pro-slavery neighbor mocked their politics by nicknaming it Africa, the settlers kept the name. Patterson hid freedom-seekers in his own home and brought abolitionist speakers to the local Wesleyan Methodist church, and in 1859 about thirty formerly enslaved people from a North Carolina plantation, the Alstons, settled in Africa outright, working the antislavery farmers' land and joining their congregation as free residents on a station of the Underground Railroad's Sycamore Trail. The community was still there, sixteen people strong, when it appeared on the television show Hee Haw in 1973. It did not survive the decade: the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers had already begun damming Alum Creek in 1970, and by 1974 Africa's houses, farms and stretch of the Sycamore Trail lay under the new reservoir alongside five relocated cemeteries and the Adena burial mounds archaeologists had raced to excavate first. A 0.75-mile Heritage of Freedom Trail near the Galena boat ramp, opened in 2024, is the only place left to walk the ground where Africa stood. source

Sources: dn710906.ca.archive.org · en.wikipedia.org · commons.wikimedia.org · delcowater.org · frontierpartisans.com · ohiohistory.org · genoatwp.com · delawaresource.com · co.delaware.oh.us · ia800503.us.archive.org · dn760008.eu.archive.org · corpslakes.erdc.dren.mil. Researched 2026-09-15 by sonnet; every entry above links its own page. · Ohio History Connection · Internet Archive (county histories) · Wikimedia Commons · Remarkable Ohio (historical markers)

Historic places

Nearest listing: High House, Delaware, 5.5 mi (certified 1986).

Place names (USGS): 1 named community (Kilbourne). Federal maps carry these names; the communities include hamlets and crossroads that never incorporated.

Listing recognizes significance and brings review of federally funded projects; it does not restrict a private owner. Historic districts count once, at their center.

Source: National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places spatial data (point file); listings whose point falls inside the ZIP boundary · National Register data · USGS GNIS

School district

• Buckeye Valley Local100% of residentsLocal school district

0 public schools inside this ZIP. Nearest to the population center: James Conger Elementary School, 5.5 mi; 0 within a mile, 0 within 3.

Money, fiscal 2023: Buckeye Valley Local took in $42 million, 17% from the state, 76% local and 8% federal, and spent $15,590 per pupil on day-to-day operations for 2,186 students, 57% of it on instruction; capital outlay $2.8 million (Census school finance survey via NCES).

Child poverty: the Census Bureau's 2024 estimate puts 4.1% of Buckeye Valley Local's school-age children below the poverty line (127 of 3,111 aged 5 to 17; SAIPE).

Source: Ohio school district boundaries (OGRIP, 2014 edition, via ODOT) · 2020 census blocks · public school locations from NCES EDGE, 2024-25 · enrollment and meals from the NCES Common Core of Data 2023-24 · private schools from the NCES Private School Survey 2023-24 · district finances from the Census F-33 survey, fiscal 2023 · child poverty from Census SAIPE 2024 · ODOT GIS · NCES EDGE · NCES Common Core of Data · NCES private schools · Census SAIPE · Census school finances (F-33)

School report card

Components

achievement 4 stars, progress 5 stars, gap closing 5 stars, early literacy 4 stars, graduation 5 stars, college and career readiness 4 stars

Achievement

performance index 89% of ODE's maximum score for the year (the average of the top 2% of district scores, not the highest score possible) (score 97.7, 94.4 the year before)

Graduation

96.4% of the class of 2024 graduated in four years; 75.2% of that class (graduates or not) showed college, career, workforce or military readiness

Spending

$14,656 per pupil in 2023-24 against $12,759 statewide

Teachers

average salary $75,626, 15 years of experience, 61.8% with a master's degree, 7% in their first years of teaching

Enrollment

2,242 students in 2024-25

Three stars means the district meets state standards, five that it significantly exceeds them, one that it needs significant support. Achievement stars follow family income closely; the progress component (growth from year to year) is the fairer measure of teaching. Charter and private schools are not in the district figures.

Source: Ohio Department of Education and Workforce, 2024-2025 School Report Cards (district overview, achievement, expenditures per pupil and educator files), for the district where most of this ZIP's residents live · Ohio school report cards

Colleges

Ohio Wesleyan University is a private nonprofit college with 1,482 students over the 2023-24 year; published tuition and fees $52,357 a year; 62% of a 447-student entering class graduated (six-year bachelor).

2 institutions within 10 miles, 24 within 25.

Next nearest: Methodist Theological School in Ohio (7.5 mi).

Universities, community colleges, career schools and private colleges all count; branch campuses appear only where IPEDS lists them separately. Graduation rates follow first-time full-time students for 150% of normal time.

Source: NCES IPEDS 2024 directory, 12-month enrollment 2023-24, tuition and fees 2023-24 and graduation rates for the 2017 entering cohort at four-year institutions and the 2020 cohort at two-year ones; straight-line miles from the ZIP's population-weighted center · NCES IPEDS

Local government

• Brown Township, Delaware County100% of residentsTownship

Source: ODOT municipal corporation and township boundaries · 2020 census blocks · Ohio EPA grants awarded in 2025 (OEPA_Achievements map service) · Auditor of State unauditable entities list · ODOT GIS · Auditor of State · Ohio EPA grants (OEPA_Achievements)

Who represents this ZIP

U.S. Senate: Bernie Moreno (R), Jon Husted (R)

• Jim Jordan RU.S. House OH-4Urbana · since 2007 · site
• Andrew O. Brenner ROhio Senate 19Delaware · since 2018 · site
• Beth Lear ROhio House 61Galena · since 2022 · site

Source: ODOT district boundaries · members from the U.S. House, Ohio Senate and Ohio House directories, September 2026 · U.S. House · Ohio Senate · Ohio House · ODOT GIS