Election 2002

Governor of Ohio

November 5, 2002 · general election · 3 candidates with a page

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The candidates

Listed alphabetically by surname. Ohio rotates the order candidates appear in by precinct, so no order on this page is the order on a ballot.

John Eastman

Independent · No public office in the record

  • Career environmental engineer and consultant
  • B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. in environmental engineering; born March 7, 1947 in Springfield, Ohio
  • Active in the Natural Law Party of Ohio; ran for Ohio Senate in 1996, Lieutenant Governor in 1998, U.S. Senate in 2000, Governor in 2002 and Secretary of State in 2006

4 of 11 sections researched · 3 sources

Tim Hagan

Tim Hagan

Democratic · Former Cuyahoga County Commissioner, 2005–2011

  • Worked as a baker and steelworker in Youngstown before earning his urban-studies degree in 1975, then worked as a social worker in Youngstown.
  • Trustee of Olmsted Township.
  • B.A., Youngstown State University.

certified

9 of 11 sections researched · 10 sources

Bob Taft

Bob Taft

Republican · Former Governor of Ohio, 1999–2007

  • Attorney licensed to practice law in Ohio.
  • B.A. in government, Yale University, 1963; M.A. in government, Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School, 1967; J.D., University of Cincinnati College of Law, 1976.
  • Peace Corps volunteer and teacher, Tanzania, 1963-1965.

certified

9 of 11 sections researched · 18 sources

John Eastman

Coverage, by section4 of 11 sections researched.Profile: 3 entriesOn the ballot: 0 entriesWhere they stand: Not yet researchedWhat they have said, checked: Not yet researchedRecord in office: Not yet researchedMoney: Not yet researchedFinancial interests: Not yet researchedPolling and approval: Not yet researchedElections: 3 entriesEndorsements given: Not yet researchedSources: 3 entries4 of 11 sections researched · 3 sources
Coverage, by section4 of 11 sections researched.Source: Cracked Buckeye coverage record for John Eastman, 4 of 11 sections researched · as of 2026-09-24 · Download this chart
The numbers behind this figure, as a table
Coverage, by section
SectionState
profileresearched
ballotresearched
positionsnot researched
claimsnot researched
recordnot researched
moneynot researched
interestsnot researched
pollingnot researched
electionsresearched
endorsementsnot researched
sourcesresearched

Tim Hagan

Coverage, by section9 of 11 sections researched.Profile: 8 entriesOn the ballot: 0 entriesWhere they stand: 2 entriesWhat they have said, checked: Not yet researchedRecord in office: 3 entriesMoney: 1 entryFinancial interests: 1 entryPolling and approval: 1 entryElections: 1 entryEndorsements given: Not yet researchedSources: 8 entries9 of 11 sections researched · 10 sources
Coverage, by section9 of 11 sections researched.Source: Cracked Buckeye coverage record for Tim Hagan, 9 of 11 sections researched · as of 2026-09-26 · Download this chart
The numbers behind this figure, as a table
Coverage, by section
SectionState
profileresearched
ballotresearched
positionsresearched
claimsnot researched
recordresearched
moneyresearched
interestsresearched
pollingresearched
electionsresearched
endorsementsnot researched
sourcesresearched

Bob Taft

Coverage, by section9 of 11 sections researched.Profile: 8 entriesOn the ballot: 0 entriesWhere they stand: 6 entriesWhat they have said, checked: Not yet researchedRecord in office: 6 entriesMoney: 2 entriesFinancial interests: 2 entriesPolling and approval: 2 entriesElections: 2 entriesEndorsements given: Not yet researchedSources: 14 entries9 of 11 sections researched · 18 sources
Coverage, by section9 of 11 sections researched.Source: Cracked Buckeye coverage record for Bob Taft, 9 of 11 sections researched · as of 2026-09-24 · Download this chart
The numbers behind this figure, as a table
Coverage, by section
SectionState
profileresearched
ballotresearched
positionsresearched
claimsnot researched
recordresearched
moneyresearched
interestsresearched
pollingresearched
electionsresearched
endorsementsnot researched
sourcesresearched

The race in pictures

Polls, Governor of Ohio, as publishedNo poll of this race is on file yet.None found in the records checked
Polls, Governor of Ohio, as publishedNo poll of this race is on file yet.Source: fec.gov · as of 2026-10-31 · Download this chart
The numbers behind this figure, as a table
Polls, Governor of Ohio, as published
Status
None found in the records checked
Money, raised, spent and cash on hand, as filedRaised, as filed: Eastman not yet researched, Hagan not yet researched, Taft $12.0M; as of November 2002.RaisedEastman (I)John Eastman: raised not yet researchedNot yet researchedHagan (D)Tim Hagan: raised not yet researchedNot yet researchedTaft (R)Bob Taft: raised $12.0M as filed with the Ohio Secretary of State, as of 2002-11$12.0MSpentEastman (I)John Eastman: spent not yet researchedNot yet researchedHagan (D)Tim Hagan: spent not yet researchedNot yet researchedTaft (R)Bob Taft: spent not yet researchedNot yet researchedCash on handEastman (I)John Eastman: cash on hand not yet researchedNot yet researchedHagan (D)Tim Hagan: cash on hand not yet researchedNot yet researchedTaft (R)Bob Taft: cash on hand not yet researchedNot yet researched
Money, raised, spent and cash on hand, as filedRaised, as filed: Eastman not yet researched, Hagan not yet researched, Taft $12.0M; as of November 2002.Source: Ohio Secretary of State campaign finance filings · as of 2002-11 · Download this chart
The numbers behind this figure, as a table
Money, raised, spent and cash on hand, as filed
GroupItemUSDNote
RaisedEastman (I)Not yet researched
RaisedHagan (D)Not yet researched
RaisedTaft (R)12,000,000
SpentEastman (I)Not yet researched
SpentHagan (D)Not yet researched
SpentTaft (R)Not yet researched
Cash on handEastman (I)Not yet researched
Cash on handHagan (D)Not yet researched
Cash on handTaft (R)Not yet researched

A note on our coverage

Read before the columns: where one candidate has more entries than another, this says which of the two reasons it is.

Donors: 1 for Bob Taft, 0 for John Eastman and 0 for Tim Hagan. The gap is in our research, not in them.

Where they stand: Bob Taft has 6 entries, Tim Hagan has 2 entries and John Eastman has 0 entries. The difference reflects the length of each public record and the depth of our research; it is not a judgment.

Bob Taft's record in office has 6 entries, Tim Hagan's has 3 and John Eastman's has 0. The difference reflects the length of each public record and the depth of our research; it is not a judgment.

Sources: Bob Taft has 14 entries, Tim Hagan has 8 entries and John Eastman has 3 entries. The difference reflects the length of each public record and the depth of our research; it is not a judgment.

Jump to a candidate

Where they stand

Their own words, by issue, with the date, the venue and the link. A paraphrase is marked as one.

Economic development

John Eastman

Not yet researched

Tim Hagan

None found in the records checked

Bob Taft

Paraphrase of a linked source, not their words:

Campaigned on continuing the Third Frontier Project, a roughly $1.6 billion state technology and biotechnology/advanced-manufacturing investment program aimed at diversifying Ohio's economy beyond traditional manufacturing.

2002 · 2002 campaign

Sources: thelantern.com · nga.org

Economy

John Eastman

Not yet researched

Tim Hagan

Paraphrase of a linked source, not their words:

Said Taft had failed to provide leadership and blamed him for rising bankruptcies, unemployment, home foreclosures, property taxes, prescription-drug costs, tuition and the state budget deficit.

October 15, 2002 · First gubernatorial debate

Source: cleveland19.com

Bob Taft

None found in the records checked

Education

John Eastman

Not yet researched

Tim Hagan

None found in the records checked

Bob Taft

Paraphrase of a linked source, not their words:

Touted Ohio Reads, a K-4 volunteer literacy-tutoring program that by 2002 involved more than 40,000 volunteers, and pledged to continue 'Rebuilding Ohio's Schools,' his 12-year, $10.1 billion school-construction program.

2002 · 2002 campaign

Sources: thelantern.com · citybeat.com

Paraphrase of a linked source, not their words:

Framed education as his top priority with a focus on accountability, requiring that a high school diploma signify real, employable skills; once in office created Ohio Reads, a K-4 volunteer reading-tutoring program that grew to more than 40,000 volunteers by 2002.

1998 · 1998 campaign

Source: citybeat.com

Election result

John Eastman

Not yet researched

Tim Hagan

None found in the records checked

Bob Taft

We won a decisive victory. This (year) has been the most diverse ticket in the history of the state

November 2002 · Post-election remarks, per The Lantern

Source: thelantern.com

Health care

John Eastman

Not yet researched

Tim Hagan

Paraphrase of a linked source, not their words:

Criticized Taft's newly announced prescription-drug discount program for Golden Buckeye cardholders as not meeting seniors' needs.

October 15, 2002 · First gubernatorial debate

Source: cleveland19.com

Bob Taft

None found in the records checked

Jobs

John Eastman

Not yet researched

Tim Hagan

None found in the records checked

Bob Taft

created or saved 100,000 jobs

2002 · 2002 campaign advertising, per Cincinnati CityBeat

Source: citybeat.com

Taxes/budget

John Eastman

Not yet researched

Tim Hagan

None found in the records checked

Bob Taft

Paraphrase of a linked source, not their words:

Ran on keeping the state budget balanced without new taxes and holding the line on spending, contrasting his own smaller, $150 million tax-relief package with Fisher's proposed $1.1 billion property-tax cut, which Taft's campaign said would produce a deficit.

1998 · 1998 campaign

Source: crabwalk.wordpress.com

What they have said, checked

Newest first. Each check is shown in the checker's own rating word, with their name, the date and the link.

John Eastman

Not yet researched

Tim Hagan

Not yet researched

Bob Taft

Not yet researched

Record in office

Dated actions. Any evaluation of an action is printed with the name of whoever made it and the link.

Record in office, dated entries, both candidates on one axis9 record entries from 1990 to 2010; 7 of them actions; 6 offices held on the record.1980199020002010Eastman (I)Hagan (D)Cuyahoga County Commissioner, 1982 to 1998Cuyahoga County Commissioner, 2005 to 20111990-05 (action): As a Cuyahoga County Commissioner, was one of the chief political architects, alongside Cleveland Mayor Michael R. White, of the 'Gateway' s1994 (action): The Gateway project he championed ran over budget: during the four-year construction period, cost overruns required repeated arrangements fo2010-09 (statement): Was a vocal critic of the Jimmy Dimora-led corruption scandal that engulfed the county commission in 2008-2010; he was not implicated in thaTaft (R)Ohio House of Representatives, 65th District, 1977 to 1981Hamilton County Commissioner, 1981 to 1990Secretary of State of Ohio, 1991-01 to 1999-01Governor of Ohio, 1999-01-11 to 2007-011998-10 (action): A Taft campaign ad quoted a Cleveland Plain Dealer article as saying 'Taft didn't raise the taxes' regarding his time as Hamilton County com1999 (action): Launched the Third Frontier Project, a long-term state investment in biotechnology, advanced-manufacturing and technology-sector job creatio1999 (action): Took office amid the DeRolph v. Ohio school-funding crisis, in which the Ohio Supreme Court had already ruled the state's school-funding sys1999 (statement): Ohio's unemployment rate rose from 4.2% in January 1999, when Taft took office, to 5.7% by July 2002 -- a 35.7% increase versus a 19.1% nati2000 (action): Backed the Clean Ohio Fund, a $400 million bond program voters approved in a 2000 ballot issue, for brownfield cleanup, farmland and green-s2001-12 (action): Addressed a projected $1.2 billion (growing to a reported $1.9 billion) two-year state budget shortfall, produced by the national recession,
Record in office, dated entries, both candidates on one axis9 record entries from 1990 to 2010; 7 of them actions; 6 offices held on the record.Source: Cracked Buckeye person record for Eastman (I) and Hagan (D) and Taft (R), 9 dated entries · as of 2010-09 · Download this chart
The numbers behind this figure, as a table
Record in office, dated entries, both candidates on one axis
PersonDateKindEntry
Hagan (D)1982officeCuyahoga County Commissioner
Hagan (D)2005officeCuyahoga County Commissioner
Hagan (D)1990-05action1990-05 (action): As a Cuyahoga County Commissioner, was one of the chief political architects, alongside Cleveland Mayor Michael R. White, of the 'Gateway' s
Hagan (D)1994action1994 (action): The Gateway project he championed ran over budget: during the four-year construction period, cost overruns required repeated arrangements fo
Hagan (D)2010-09statement2010-09 (statement): Was a vocal critic of the Jimmy Dimora-led corruption scandal that engulfed the county commission in 2008-2010; he was not implicated in tha
Taft (R)1977officeOhio House of Representatives, 65th District
Taft (R)1981officeHamilton County Commissioner
Taft (R)1991-01officeSecretary of State of Ohio
Taft (R)1999-01-11officeGovernor of Ohio
Taft (R)1998-10action1998-10 (action): A Taft campaign ad quoted a Cleveland Plain Dealer article as saying 'Taft didn't raise the taxes' regarding his time as Hamilton County com
Taft (R)1999action1999 (action): Launched the Third Frontier Project, a long-term state investment in biotechnology, advanced-manufacturing and technology-sector job creatio
Taft (R)1999action1999 (action): Took office amid the DeRolph v. Ohio school-funding crisis, in which the Ohio Supreme Court had already ruled the state's school-funding sys
Taft (R)1999statement1999 (statement): Ohio's unemployment rate rose from 4.2% in January 1999, when Taft took office, to 5.7% by July 2002 -- a 35.7% increase versus a 19.1% nati
Taft (R)2000action2000 (action): Backed the Clean Ohio Fund, a $400 million bond program voters approved in a 2000 ballot issue, for brownfield cleanup, farmland and green-s
Taft (R)2001-12action2001-12 (action): Addressed a projected $1.2 billion (growing to a reported $1.9 billion) two-year state budget shortfall, produced by the national recession,

John Eastman

Not yet researched

Tim Hagan

  1. September 2010 · statement

    Was a vocal critic of the Jimmy Dimora-led corruption scandal that engulfed the county commission in 2008-2010; he was not implicated in that federal probe and publicly called for Dimora's resignation.

    Source: crainscleveland.com

  2. 1994 · action

    The Gateway project he championed ran over budget: during the four-year construction period, cost overruns required repeated arrangements for additional funds, for which Cuyahoga County guaranteed repayment. With Mayor Mike White, Hagan also successfully pushed for the elimination of the property tax on the sports facilities.

    Cleveland Scene: The Failed Promises of Gateway · the source

    Sources: clevescene.com · case.edu

  3. May 1990 · action

    As a Cuyahoga County Commissioner, was one of the chief political architects, alongside Cleveland Mayor Michael R. White, of the 'Gateway' sin-tax initiative that persuaded voters to approve a county tax on alcohol and cigarettes to finance the Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex, resulting in the construction of Jacobs Field (now Progressive Field) and Gund Arena (now Rocket Arena).

    Sources: clevescene.com · case.edu

Bob Taft

  1. December 2001 · action

    Addressed a projected $1.2 billion (growing to a reported $1.9 billion) two-year state budget shortfall, produced by the national recession, primarily through spending cuts, draws on the state's rainy-day fund, and reallocation of tobacco-settlement money, signing budget-balancing legislation in December 2001; critics said he had failed to adequately build up the rainy-day fund earlier in his term.

    Sources: citybeat.com · en.wikipedia.org

  2. 2000 · action

    Backed the Clean Ohio Fund, a $400 million bond program voters approved in a 2000 ballot issue, for brownfield cleanup, farmland and green-space preservation, and urban revitalization.

    Source: thelantern.com

  3. 1999 · action

    Took office amid the DeRolph v. Ohio school-funding crisis, in which the Ohio Supreme Court had already ruled the state's school-funding system unconstitutional (further rulings came in May 2000 and September 2001); per CityBeat's review, his sole initial education initiative was the comparatively modest Ohio Reads program until repeated unconstitutionality rulings forced the larger 'Rebuilding Ohio's Schools' construction plan.

    Cincinnati CityBeat investigative review: vehemently fought any increase in school spending · the source

    Sources: citybeat.com · bricker.com

  4. 1999 · statement

    Ohio's unemployment rate rose from 4.2% in January 1999, when Taft took office, to 5.7% by July 2002 -- a 35.7% increase versus a 19.1% national increase over the same span, per Bureau of Labor Statistics data cited by Cincinnati CityBeat, which called his ads' jobs claim misleading because it counted only gross job gains.

    Source: citybeat.com

  5. 1999 · action

    Launched the Third Frontier Project, a long-term state investment in biotechnology, advanced-manufacturing and technology-sector job creation, which ultimately dispersed $681 million and was credited with generating $6.6 billion in economic impact and roughly 41,300 jobs by 2009.

    Source: en.wikipedia.org

  6. October 1998 · action

    A Taft campaign ad quoted a Cleveland Plain Dealer article as saying 'Taft didn't raise the taxes' regarding his time as Hamilton County commissioner, omitting the word 'himself' from the original text; the Fisher campaign sought and briefly won a Franklin County Common Pleas restraining order, which the Ohio Supreme Court vacated on jurisdictional grounds without ruling on the ad's accuracy.

    Ohio Supreme Court, State ex rel. Taft-O'Connor '98 v. Franklin Cty. Court of Common Pleas: the Ohio Elections Commission, not a common pleas court, has exclusive jurisdiction over false-statement election claims · the source

    Sources: caselaw.findlaw.com · clipfile.org

Money

Totals and donors exactly as filed with the FEC or the Ohio Secretary of State, each figure with its filing link.

Itemized contributions from inside Ohio, share of all itemizedNo filing in this race breaks itemized contributions down by state.None found in the records checked
Itemized contributions from inside Ohio, share of all itemizedNo filing in this race breaks itemized contributions down by state.Source: fec.gov · as of 2026-10-31 · Download this chart
The numbers behind this figure, as a table
Itemized contributions from inside Ohio, share of all itemized
Status
None found in the records checked

John Eastman

Where the money went, as filedNo campaign finance filing is on file for John Eastman in this race yet.None found in the records checked
Where the money went, as filedNo campaign finance filing is on file for John Eastman in this race yet.Source: fec.gov · as of 2026-10-31 · Download this chart
The numbers behind this figure, as a table
Where the money went, as filed
Status
None found in the records checked

Totals as filed

Not yet researched

Top donors, as filed

Not yet researched

Outside spending

Not yet researched

In-state share

Not yet researched

Tim Hagan

Where the money went, as filedNo campaign finance filing is on file for Tim Hagan in this race yet.None found in the records checked
Where the money went, as filedNo campaign finance filing is on file for Tim Hagan in this race yet.Source: fec.gov · as of 2026-10-31 · Download this chart
The numbers behind this figure, as a table
Where the money went, as filed
Status
None found in the records checked

Totals as filed

OhioSOS, as of November 2002: raised .

Source: vindyarchives.com

Top donors, as filed

None found in the records checked

Outside spending

None found in the records checked

In-state share

Not yet researched

Bob Taft

Where the money went, as filedBob Taft raised $12.0M as of November 2002; no cash on hand is filed.Bob Taft: Raised, $12.0M as filed, as of 2002-11Raised$12.0MIn, as filedWhere it went, as filed
Where the money went, as filedBob Taft raised $12.0M as of November 2002; no cash on hand is filed.Source: Ohio Secretary of State campaign finance filings, through 2002-11 · as of 2002-11 · Download this chart
The numbers behind this figure, as a table
Where the money went, as filed
FromToDollarsShare of totalNote

Totals as filed

OhioSOS, as of November 2002: raised $12,000,000.

Sources: en.wikipedia.org · wnd.com

Top donors, as filed

  • Thomas Noe · $22,190 · campaign committee

    Toledo-area rare-coin dealer and GOP fundraiser, later central figure in the 2005 'Coingate' scandal

    Sources: en.wikipedia.org · washingtonpost.com

Outside spending

None found in the records checked

In-state share

Not yet researched

The result

Past election results, share of the vote3 prior races on file across 3 candidates; none on file for Hagan.Eastman2000 U.S. SenateJohn Eastman, United States Senator from Ohio: lost, no share on recordNot yet researched2006 Secretary of StateJohn Eastman, Secretary of State of Ohio: lost, no share on recordNot yet researchedHaganTim Hagan: no prior race on fileno prior race on fileTaft1998 GovernorBob Taft, Governor of Ohio: won, 50.0%50.0%
Past election results, share of the vote3 prior races on file across 3 candidates; none on file for Hagan.Source: Ohio Secretary of State, official canvass, 1998-2006 · as of 2006 · Download this chart
The numbers behind this figure, as a table
Past election results, share of the vote
GroupItemPCTNote
Eastman2000 U.S. SenateNot yet researched
Eastman2006 Secretary of StateNot yet researched
Haganno prior race on file
Taft1998 Governor50.0

Bob Taft · certified 2002-11-05 · turnout 47.18

CandidateVotesShare
Bob Taft1,865,00757.8%
Tim Hagan1,236,92438.3%

Source: en.wikipedia.org

Sources

Data from Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0: 2002 Ohio gubernatorial election · Tim Hagan · Bob Taft · Thomas Noe · 1998 Ohio gubernatorial election

  1. 2002 Ohio gubernatorial election · Wikipedia · accessed 2026-09-21
  2. John Eastman (I) · FOX19 (WXIX) · accessed 2026-09-24
  3. JOHN EASTMAN FOR US SENATE - committee overview · FEC.gov · accessed 2026-09-24
  4. 2006 Ohio Election Results · The Green Papers · accessed 2026-09-24
  5. Tim Hagan · Wikipedia · accessed 2026-09-21
  6. GOVERNOR'S RACE: For Taft, Hagan, battle is atypical · Vindicator/Vindy Archives · 2002-10-29 · accessed 2026-09-21
  7. Analyst: Hagan Likely Didn't Shake Up Race · Cleveland19 · accessed 2026-09-21
  8. Gateway Economic Development Corp. · Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, Case Western Reserve University · accessed 2026-09-21
  9. The Failed Promises of Gateway · Cleveland Scene · accessed 2026-09-21
  10. Jimmy Dimora, others charged in Cuyahoga County corruption investigation · Crain's Cleveland Business · accessed 2026-09-21
  11. Sweet Setup: Questions swirl over former Commissioner Hagan's cushy new gig · Cleveland19 · accessed 2026-09-21
  12. https://wiki.coolcleveland.com/wiki/Newsletter/CoolClevelandInterviewWithTimHagan
  13. Bob Taft · Wikipedia · accessed 2026-09-21
  14. It's four more years for Governor Taft · The Lantern, Ohio State University · accessed 2026-09-21
  15. Taft's Ads Give Misleading Picture of His Record · Cincinnati CityBeat · accessed 2026-09-21
  16. Poll: Taft approval rating reaches historic low · Cleveland19 · accessed 2026-09-21
  17. Taft Admits Ethics Violations · The Washington Post · 2005-08-18 · accessed 2026-09-21
  18. Ohio governor fined for ethics law violation · NBC News/AP · accessed 2026-09-21
  19. Bob Taft · National Governors Association · accessed 2026-09-21
  20. Scandal rocks Ohio governor's race · WorldNetDaily · accessed 2026-09-21
  21. Thomas Noe · Wikipedia · accessed 2026-09-21
  22. 1998 Ohio gubernatorial election · Wikipedia · accessed 2026-09-21
  23. State ex rel. Taft-O'Connor '98 v. Franklin Cty. Court of Common Pleas · Ohio Supreme Court, via FindLaw · accessed 2026-09-21
  24. Judge says Taft's ad can stay on the air; Fisher requests lifting of order · Clipfile.org · accessed 2026-09-21
  25. CNN AllPolitics Election '98 -- Ohio 1998 Polls · CNN · accessed 2026-09-21
  26. https://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/rod/docs/pdf/0/2006/2006-Ohio-6525.pdf
  27. https://crabwalk.wordpress.com/1998/10/03/fisher-taft-attack-each-others-records-in-new-ads/
  28. https://www.bricker.com/insights/resources/key/Chronology-of-the-DeRolph-v-Ohio-School-Funding-Litigation

Quick answers

When was the 2002 Governor of Ohio election?

The election for Governor of Ohio was held on November 5, 2002.

Who ran for Governor of Ohio in 2002?

On the ballot for Governor of Ohio, in surname order: John Eastman (Independent), Tim Hagan (Democratic), Bob Taft (Republican).

Who won the 2002 Governor of Ohio election?

Bob Taft won the election for Governor of Ohio. Results as certified: Tim Hagan 38.3%, Bob Taft 57.8%.

Cite and data

Cite this page as:

Cracked Buckeye, "Governor of Ohio, 2002", https://crackedbuckeye.com/election/2002/governor/, built 2026-10-31, accessed [date].

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