Water system
Xenia City
EPA ID OH2902812 · Greene County · 29,000 people served · owned by a local government
Xenia City treats its own water from Great Miami/Mad River Buried Valley Aquifer (wells near US-68/SR-235).
The system's record
- Aquifer
- Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer
- Active wells
- 11
- Serves
- 29,000 people · Greene County
- EPA ID
- OH2902812
About this area's water
Did you know
- Xenia deliberately does not soften its water: it comes out of the tap at roughly 400 mg/L hardness, about 23 grains per gallon.
- The city does not fluoridate either — the fluoride in Xenia's water is entirely natural, at about a fifth of the dose used for cavity prevention.
- The aquifer under Xenia could safely give up 11 million gallons a day; the city only takes 4 to 5 million.
- Xenia's two sewage plants empty into different waters: Ford Road to the Little Miami River, Glady Run to Glady Run Creek.
- Xenia sells water to Central State and Wilberforce universities and to Greene County, not just to its own residents.
Source: files-backend.assets.thrillshare.comcityofxenia.orgcityofxenia.org
History6
- 1803Xenia is founded in Greene County; a federal survey team's plat follows the next year (secondary source: Wikipedia, cited).
- 1886The city builds its first water works system (per Wikipedia).
- 1900The city is operating its own sewage system by this year (secondary source: Wikipedia, cited).
- 1942The Xenia water works is established as a public municipality; the city says it has been customer-owned ever since.
- 1958The Glady Run wastewater treatment plant on Bellbrook Avenue is built.
- 1971The Ford Road wastewater treatment plant is put online.
Treatment & pressure
How it is treated
The Xenia Water Treatment Plant at 1831 U.S. 68 North is an iron and manganese removal plant. Groundwater is first aerated to strip naturally occurring hydrogen sulfide and add oxygen, which combines with ionic iron and manganese; the resulting compounds precipitate out in gravity-fed filters; the…
Source: files-backend.assets.thrillshare.comcityofxenia.org
Water pressure
Not published in any city source found. Neither the Water Treatment Division page nor the 2025 CCR lists pressure zones or psi ranges; the Public Service Department can be reached…
Source: cityofxenia.orgcityofxenia.org
What it costs
$5.91 per 1,000 gallons
Typical household bill about $24 a month for water.
City of Xenia Rates and Fee Schedule effective March 1, 2026: water inside the city is $8.87 per 1,500 gallons, which the city itself states as $0.005913 per gallon — $5.91 per…
Water quality & impurities10
| Contaminant | Level | Limit | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total trihalomethanes (TTHM) Locational running annual average, sampled 8/26/2025; range 15.2-48.7 ppb. | 48.7 ppb | 80 | 2025 |
| Total haloacetic acids (HAA5) Sampled 8/26/2025; range 5.70-9.80 ppb. | 9.80 ppb | 60 | 2025 |
| Total chlorine Range 1.09-1.29 ppm. | 1.19 ppm | MRDL 4 | 2025 |
| Arsenic Sampled 6/27/2023. The CCR carries the standard arsenic advisory language: the water meets the standard but does… | 6.80 ppb | 10 | 2023 |
| Barium Sampled 6/27/2023. | 0.14 ppm | 2.0 | 2023 |
| Fluoride Naturally occurring; Xenia does not add fluoride. | 0.23 ppm | 4.0 | 2023 |
| Nitrate (as nitrogen) Sampled 2/12/2025. Nitrate has been detectable in the source water at some level between 1991 and 2025. | 1.19 ppm | 10 | 2025 |
| Lead (90th percentile) Sampled 7/1-9/3/2025; 0 of 30 samples over the action level. Note the CCR's two footnotes are swapped — the sentence… | 1.80 ppb | action level 15… | 2025 |
| Copper (90th percentile) Sampled 7/1-9/3/2025; 1 of 30 samples exceeded the action level, at 1.38 ppm. | 0.986 ppm | action level… | 2025 |
| PFAS (PFOA, PFOS, HFPO-DA, PFBS, PFHxS… All six regulated PFAS were below detection limits in UCMR 5 monitoring. | not detected ppt | PFOA and PFOS… | 2025 |
Source: files-backend.assets.thrillshare.com
EPA compliance record
Lead at the tap: 90th-percentile result 1.8 ppb in 2025 (action level 15 ppb).
EPA health-based violations since 2015:
- 2016Revised Total Coliform Rule · E. coli limit exceeded · returned to compliance
1 violation of any kind logged since 2020: 1 for a report, record or notice that was missing, late or incomplete (the yearly water quality report, a public notice, lead line records).
Projects & plans3
Recent and current work
- Current water treatment plant · 1982 · completed
Construction completed 1979, plant placed in service 1982, replacing the original facility of the 1942 municipal water works. No cost published. - City-wide lead and galvanized service line inventory · 2024 · completed
Required by U.S. EPA. Nearly 500 properties were identified as having lead or galvanized steel service lines and their owners were notified by mail. No cost…
Source: cityofxenia.orgcityofxenia.org
Planned or needed
- Lead service line replacement program · under construction
Public Service crews have begun replacing service lines within city rights-of-way and easements, from the water main to the first shutoff (usually the meter).…
Source: cityofxenia.org
Supply stress
Ohio EPA's 2006 source water assessment found the aquifer highly susceptible to contamination given the sensitivity of its location and the potential contamination sources identified, and water quality data collected between 1991 and 2025 has shown detectable nitrate. The city runs a source water protection program with Xenia Township…
Sewers
Sanitary
Xenia operates two of its own wastewater treatment plants. Ford Road WWTP at 779 Ford Road, online in 1971, has a 3.6 MGD design flow and discharges to the Little Miami River; Glady Run WWTP at 2381 Bellbrook Avenue, built in 1958, has a 4.0 MGD design flow and discharges to Glady Run Creek, a Little Miami tributary. Both peak at 12 MGD…
Storm
A stormwater charge of $4.89 a month applies to residential properties of four units or less. Non-residential properties are billed total impervious area divided by 2,900 square feet to get Equivalent Residential Units, times $4.89. Undeveloped parcels are…
Sourcesverified
Compiled from the utility's own reports and public records, then independently re-checked against primary sources.
Main supplier in 1 ZIP code
Serves
Main water supplier in 1 ZIP code
- 45385 · Xenia64% of residents
Population-weighted resident shares; a ZIP code can have more than one system on record. Recomputed from each ZIP's own system list, not from the map's cached footprint.
Buys from · Sells to
Xenia City does not buy water from another system on record; it treats its own source water.
No other system is on record buying water from Xenia City.
What the records show about Xenia City
Who runs it
EPA's record describes Xenia City as owned by a local government. It has 11,761 service connections and serves 29,000 people.
EPA classes it as a community water system, one that serves the same residents all year.
Its office telephone on EPA's record is 937-376-7269.
Source: EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS), water system record.
How the water is treated
EPA's treatment table registers these steps for Xenia City: aeration, corrosion control, chlorine disinfection, and sand or media filtration.
The list is what each system registered with EPA for treatment plants EPA still shows as active, and it can lag a plant upgrade.
Source: EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS) treatment table (EPA Envirofacts, pulled September 2026).
Violations
EPA counts 1 health-based violation for Xenia City since 2015. Health-based means a contaminant above its legal limit or a required treatment step not carried out. It falls into 1 separate problem (one contaminant or rule in one year); the table lists it.
EPA logs 1 violation of any kind since 2020: 1 for a report, record or notice that was missing, late or incomplete (the yearly water quality report, a public notice, lead line records).
| Year | Contaminant or rule | Kind | Measured | Limit | Status in EPA's record |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | Revised Total Coliform Rule | E. coli limit exceeded | not on file | not on file | returned to compliance |
Source: EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS) violation records: health-based violations with compliance periods beginning in 2015 or later, all violations from 2020 or later (EPA Envirofacts, pulled September 2026).
Lead and copper at the tap
In the sampling period ending December 2025, the 90th-percentile lead result at Xenia City was 1.8 ppb, under both the current 15 ppb action level and the 10 ppb level that applies from 2027.
The highest result on file is 6.5 ppb, in the period ending December 2021.
EPA has 9 sampling periods on file for Xenia City since 2016, the first ending in 2016; no period was above 10 ppb.
Every water system has to inventory its service lines, the pipes from the main to each building. In the inventory Xenia City sent EPA, 11,151 lines are counted.
| Material | Lines |
|---|---|
| Lead | 1 |
| Galvanized, needing replacement | 352 |
| Unknown material | 3 |
| Not lead | 10,795 |
| All lines | 11,151 |
Systems sample taps in the homes most likely to have lead pipes or solder. The 90th-percentile result is the level nine in ten of the sampled homes were at or below. Lead comes mostly from service lines and house plumbing, not the source water, so a low result for the system does not clear an old house.
EPA's dashboard status for this inventory: reported all required service line types.
Source: EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS) lead and copper 90th-percentile results (EPA Envirofacts), sampling periods ending 2016 or later; EPA's service line inventory dashboard, Ohio's 2026 Q2 submission.
PFAS
EPA's fifth national round of testing (UCMR 5) took 2 samples of the water entering the pipes of Xenia City in 2024 and measured 29 PFAS. No PFAS was detected, PFOA and PFOS (federal limit 4 ng/L each) among them.
Ohio EPA's own statewide sampling tested 1 plant of Xenia City (latest sample August 2020). Not one of the six PFAS tested (PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, GenX and PFBS) was detected.
Ohio EPA's current sampling status map lists 1 plant of Xenia City as sampled, most recently October 2024.
PFAS are the 'forever chemicals' from firefighting foam, plating shops and non-stick coatings. Results are for water leaving the plant, not your tap.
Source: EPA UCMR 5 occurrence data (final release, August 2026); Ohio EPA statewide PFAS sampling, 2019 to 2021, and its sampling status map.
Disinfection byproducts
Chlorine that disinfects water also reacts with organic matter to form byproducts. Two groups have federal limits: total trihalomethanes (TTHM, 80 µg/L) and five haloacetic acids (HAA5, 60 µg/L), judged on running yearly averages at each sampling site.
For TTHM, the average of Xenia City's samples in 2019, the last year it was sampled, was 26 µg/L. The worst yearly average was 34.2 µg/L and the highest single sample was 42 µg/L, from 41 samples taken from 2012 to 2019.
For HAA5, the average in the last year sampled was 6.3 µg/L. The worst yearly average was 10.3 µg/L and the highest single sample was 11.7 µg/L, from 41 samples.
| Byproduct | Limit | Latest yearly average | Worst yearly average | Highest sample | Samples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TTHM | 80 µg/L | 26 µg/L (2019) | 34.2 µg/L | 42 µg/L | 41 |
| HAA5 | 60 µg/L | 6.3 µg/L | 10.3 µg/L | 11.7 µg/L | 41 |
A yearly average of 0 means nothing was detected in that year's samples. EPA's file stops at 2019; Ohio EPA's Drinking Water Watch has newer results.
Source: EPA Six-Year Review 4 compliance monitoring data, 2012 to 2019, distribution-system samples (non-detects counted as zero).
Nitrate, arsenic and radioactivity
Nitrate: the highest of 8 samples was 2.14 mg/L (as nitrogen) in 2015; in 2019, the last year sampled, the highest was 1.7 mg/L. No sample was over the limit of 10 mg/L. Nitrate above 10 is unsafe for infants.
Arsenic was not detected in 2 samples (limit 10 µg/L).
| Contaminant | Samples | Highest result | Limit | Samples over limit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrate (as nitrogen) | 8 | 2.14 mg/L | 10 mg/L | 0 |
| Arsenic | 2 | not detected | 10 µg/L | 0 |
Measured in finished water: at the plant's entry points and in the distribution system; raw well and intake samples are left out. Non-detects count as zero.
Source: EPA Six-Year Review 4 compliance monitoring data, 2012 to 2019, finished water.
Solvents and fuels
EPA's file holds results for all six solvent and fuel compounds it checked. Benzene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and vinyl chloride were not detected in 2 samples each.
| Compound | Limit | Samples | Detected in | Highest result | Samples over limit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benzene | 5 µg/L | 2 | 0 of 2 | not detected | 0 |
| Carbon tetrachloride | 5 µg/L | 2 | 0 of 2 | not detected | 0 |
| 1,2-dichloroethane | 5 µg/L | 2 | 0 of 2 | not detected | 0 |
| Trichloroethylene (TCE) | 5 µg/L | 2 | 0 of 2 | not detected | 0 |
| Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) | 5 µg/L | 2 | 0 of 2 | not detected | 0 |
| Vinyl chloride | 2 µg/L | 2 | 0 of 2 | not detected | 0 |
"Not detected" means the lab's result was below what its method can measure, not that the compound is absent. Non-detects count as zero in the highest-result column.
Source: EPA Six-Year Review 4 compliance monitoring data, 2012 to 2019, finished water.
Farm chemicals and metals
EPA's file holds results for 8 of the nine herbicides and metals it checked. Detected: barium in 2 of 2 samples, highest 137 µg/L (limit 2,000). Not detected: atrazine in 3 samples, alachlor in 3 samples, chromium in 2 samples, cadmium in 2 samples, mercury in 2 samples, selenium in 2 samples, thallium in 2 samples.
| Substance | Kind | Limit | Samples | Detected in | Highest result | Samples over limit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atrazine | Farm chemical | 3 µg/L | 3 | 0 of 3 | not detected | 0 |
| Alachlor | Farm chemical | 2 µg/L | 3 | 0 of 3 | not detected | 0 |
| Chromium | Metal | 100 µg/L | 2 | 0 of 2 | not detected | 0 |
| Cadmium | Metal | 5 µg/L | 2 | 0 of 2 | not detected | 0 |
| Barium | Metal | 2,000 µg/L | 2 | 2 of 2 | 137 µg/L | 0 |
| Mercury | Metal | 2 µg/L | 2 | 0 of 2 | not detected | 0 |
| Selenium | Metal | 50 µg/L | 2 | 0 of 2 | not detected | 0 |
| Thallium | Metal | 2 µg/L | 2 | 0 of 2 | not detected | 0 |
Non-detects count as zero in the highest-result column.
Source: EPA Six-Year Review 4 compliance monitoring data, 2012 to 2019, finished water.
Bacteria in the pipes
From 2012 to 2019, 13 of 3,053 routine total coliform samples taken in the distribution system at Xenia City tested positive (0.43%); in 2019, the last year on file, 0 of 364 did. E. coli was found in 1 of 2,727 samples tested for it.
A positive coliform test is a warning sign, not a violation by itself. E. coli is a sign that human or animal waste may have reached the water. Coliform counts are routine samples only; E. coli counts include repeat samples.
Source: EPA Six-Year Review 4 compliance monitoring data, 2012 to 2019, distribution-system presence/absence tests for total coliform and E. coli.
Fluoride
The Ohio Department of Health's report to the CDC (My Water's Fluoride) says Xenia City has fluoride from natural sources, but at a level below what is recommended for preventing tooth decay, and does not adjust it. The level it reports is 0.23 mg/L.
EPA's treatment table lists no fluoridation step at Xenia City.
Measured fluoride: every sample at the plant's entry points in 2017 was below the 0.2 mg/L reporting limit; detected samples in earlier years ran at 0.22 mg/L across 2 samples in 2012 to 2019.
The recommended level for preventing tooth decay is 0.7 mg/L; the federal limit is 4 mg/L. The treatment list is what each system registered with EPA and can lag a plant upgrade.
Source: CDC My Water's Fluoride (fluoridation status as reported by the Ohio Department of Health, fetched September 2026); EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS) treatment table; EPA Six-Year Review 4 compliance monitoring data, 2012 to 2019, entry-point fluoride samples.
Lithium
Lithium was not detected in 2 UCMR 5 samples at Xenia City, last sampled in 2024 (the method reports from 9 µg/L).
Lithium is not regulated. EPA's draft health reference level is 10 µg/L, and it occurs naturally in deep groundwater, so well systems in the northwest run highest.
Source: EPA UCMR 5 occurrence data (final release, August 2026), samples from 2023 to 2025.
Water and sewer bills
Ohio EPA's 2023 rate survey puts the water bill at Xenia City for a household using 5,000 gallons a month at $225 a year, about $19 a month.
| Use | Water, per year | Sewer, per year |
|---|---|---|
| 2,500 gallons a month | $112 | not on file |
| 5,000 gallons a month | $225 | not on file |
| 8,000 gallons a month | $360 | not on file |
The survey lists it as “Xenia”. These are inside-city rates and annual bills at the use shown.
Source: Ohio EPA 2023 Sewer and Water Rate Survey (Ohio State University, May 2025).
How well the service area is mapped
EPA estimated the service area of Xenia City with a computer model rather than drawing it from the utility's map, so its edges are approximate.
Counting the people who live in the ZIP codes it overlaps, this atlas estimates 25,150 residents are inside the boundary, 87% of the 29,000 people Xenia City reports serving.
The resident count is an estimate from 2020 Census ZIP-code populations, not a count of customers.
Source: EPA Service Area Boundaries; resident estimate by this atlas from ZIP-code overlap.
Photograph
On the map
Show this system's territory on the map — 1 ZIP code in all.
Sources
U.S. EPA SDWIS and Community Water System Service Area Boundaries (v3, 2026), Ohio EPA primacy data, 2020 census blocks: the system serving most residents, traced through purchases to the treating utility; Ohio EPA 2023 Sewer and Water Rate Survey (Ohio State, May 2025) for household bills; Ohio EPA DEFA loan awards since 2016 for the loans paragraph · EPA SDWIS · EPA service area boundaries · Ohio EPA drinking water · Ohio EPA rate survey
EPA's own record for this system: Enforcement and Compliance History report for OH2902812 (EPA ECHO).
Xenia City's own pages: cityofxenia.org
Notable facts: files-backend.assets.thrillshare.com, cityofxenia.org, cityofxenia.org
History: en.wikipedia.org, cityofxenia.org, cityofxenia.org, cityofxenia.org
Water quality: files-backend.assets.thrillshare.com
Planned work: cityofxenia.org
Water pressure: cityofxenia.org, cityofxenia.org
Capital projects: cityofxenia.org, cityofxenia.org
Rates: files-backend.assets.thrillshare.com
Sewers: cityofxenia.org, files-backend.assets.thrillshare.com
Treatment: files-backend.assets.thrillshare.com, cityofxenia.org
Supply stress: files-backend.assets.thrillshare.com, cityofxenia.org