{
  "type": "water",
  "pwsid": "OH5701915",
  "name": "Oakwood City",
  "county": "Montgomery",
  "population": 9572,
  "producer": true,
  "source_class": "groundwater",
  "label": "Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer (wells)",
  "bodies": [],
  "intakes": [],
  "wells": 8,
  "aquifer": "Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer",
  "notes": "8 production wells draw from tributary aquifers feeding the Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer.",
  "urls": [
    "https://storage.googleapis.com/proudcity/oakwoodoh/2024/05/ccr-2023-FINAL.pdf",
    "https://www.mcohio.org/357/Our-Water-Source"
  ],
  "chain": [
    "OH5701915"
  ],
  "plants": [
    {
      "n": "Oakwood Springhouse & Shafor Water Softening Plants (blended single system)",
      "a": "120 Springhouse Rd / 210 Shafor Blvd, Oakwood, OH 45419",
      "la": 39.7195,
      "lo": -84.1868,
      "pt": "wellfield",
      "wb": "Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer (tributary aquifer wellfield beneath Oakwood)",
      "src": "Groundwater from 8 municipal production wells scattered across Oakwood's small (about 2.2 sq mi) wellfield, feeding the shared Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer system",
      "cls": "groundwater",
      "in": [
        {
          "n": "Shafor Well Field",
          "wb": "Tributary sand-and-gravel aquifer feeding the Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer",
          "role": "primary",
          "src": "Group of production wells (EPA-listed as Shafor Rd Plant sites 04-08) near the Shafor Boulevard softening plant, drawing from sand-and-gravel deposits tributary to the regional buried-valley aquifer (5 wells)",
          "la": 39.7195,
          "lo": -84.1868,
          "pt": "plant",
          "sh": 62,
          "wells": [
            "Well F"
          ]
        },
        {
          "n": "Springhouse Well Field",
          "wb": "Tributary sand-and-gravel aquifer feeding the Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer",
          "role": "secondary",
          "src": "Wells at 120 Springhouse Road (originally two wells drilled in 1954, expanded later), drawing from sand-and-gravel deposits tributary to the regional buried-valley aquifer, feeding the Springhouse plant (3 wells)",
          "la": 39.7195,
          "lo": -84.1868,
          "pt": "plant",
          "sh": 38,
          "wells": [
            "Well S"
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "facts": {
    "hist": [
      [
        "1908",
        "Oakwood incorporates as a city."
      ],
      [
        "1913",
        "The Great Dayton Flood devastates downtown Dayton; advertising afterward touts Oakwood property as '275 feet higher than the intersection of Third and Main Streets,' a flood-safety pitch that drives…"
      ],
      [
        "2023",
        "Oakwood produces 403.274 million gallons from its eight wells and buys no water at all from Dayton - 100% of city demand met in-house."
      ],
      [
        "2024",
        "Oakwood participates in the fifth round of the federal Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5); four PFAS compounds are detected at trace levels at both the Shafor and Springhouse plants."
      ],
      [
        "2025",
        "Oakwood produces 449.267 million gallons from its wells - 99.07% of demand - and draws 4.215 million gallons from the City of Dayton connection over 16 days, its first reported purchase in recent…"
      ],
      [
        "2025",
        "City Council adopts Ordinance 5024 on December 1, setting the 2026 water, sewer, stormwater and refuse rates."
      ]
    ],
    "treat": "Groundwater from eight production wells feeding three city-owned water treatment plants - Springhouse (120 Springhouse Rd) and Shafor (210 Shafor Blvd) are the two the CCR names and photographs, and the CCR states three exist. CORRECTION to the draft: three plants, not two. The wells draw from…",
    "press": "Not published. Neither the 2025 CCR, the water production and distribution page, nor the common water inquiries page gives a system psi or pressure-zone figure; the city only…",
    "rate": {
      "g": 5.52,
      "n": "Set by Ordinance 5024, adopted December 1, 2025 (Appendix A - Public Services Rate Sheet), effective 2026. INSIDE-CITY WATER: $23.44/month minimum for a 5/8-inch or smaller meter…",
      "m": null
    },
    "imp": [
      [
        "Nitrate",
        "1.19",
        "ppm",
        "10",
        "2025",
        "Springhouse plant; Shafor 0.93 ppm, range 0.93-1.19. Fertilizer runoff and natural geology."
      ],
      [
        "Trihalomethanes (TTHM)",
        "15.1",
        "ppb",
        "80",
        "2025",
        "Down from 18.2 ppb in 2023. The 2025 CCR prints the range as '36.2 - 15.1,' which is internally inconsistent (the low…"
      ],
      [
        "Haloacetic Acids (HAA5)",
        "5.4",
        "ppb",
        "60",
        "2025",
        "Down from 7.2 ppb in 2023. The CCR prints the range as 'ND - 1.1,' inconsistent with the reported level found."
      ],
      [
        "Dibromoacetic Acid",
        "1.1",
        "ppb",
        "60 (as HAA5…",
        "2025",
        "Range ND-1.1. The CCR labels the unit 'ppm' while listing a limit of 60, which is the HAA5 group MCL in ppb; ppb is the…"
      ],
      [
        "Total Chlorine",
        "1.01",
        "ppm",
        "4 (MRDL)",
        "2025",
        "Range 0.49-1.57 ppm."
      ],
      [
        "Lead (90th percentile)",
        "3.6",
        "ppb",
        "15 (AL)",
        "2025",
        "0 of 20 samples above the action level; down from 4.2 ppb in 2023. The service line inventory is viewable at the J.…"
      ],
      [
        "Copper (90th percentile)",
        "0.233",
        "ppm",
        "1.3 (AL)",
        "2025",
        "0 of 20 samples above the action level; down from 0.27 ppm in 2023."
      ],
      [
        "Fluoride",
        "0.25",
        "ppm",
        "4",
        "2024",
        "Shafor plant; Springhouse 0.23 ppm. Entirely natural - the CCR footnote states the city does not add fluoride…"
      ],
      [
        "Barium",
        "0.0773",
        "ppm",
        "2",
        "2024",
        "Shafor plant; Springhouse 0.0434 ppm. Down sharply from 0.143 ppm in the 2021 sampling."
      ],
      [
        "Nickel",
        "3.2",
        "ppb",
        "no MCL",
        "2024",
        "Springhouse plant; Shafor 2.4 ppb. Erosion of natural deposits; no federal MCL applies."
      ]
    ],
    "proj": [],
    "plan": [],
    "stress": "Ohio EPA rates the aquifer under Oakwood's own wellfield as having MODERATE susceptibility to contamination, citing the sensitivity of the aquifer the wells sit in and several potential contaminant sources inside the protection zone; the city responds with an Ohio EPA-endorsed Source Water Assessment and Protection Program and charges a…",
    "sew": {
      "s": "The City of Oakwood owns and operates the sanitary collection system but does not treat its own wastewater - about 70% of sanitary sewer operating cost is treatment purchased from Montgomery County and City of Dayton wastewater treatment plants. The whole operation, collection and treatment alike, is funded by user fees rather than…",
      "st": "A separate storm system, operated by the city's Engineering & Public Works Department: underground storm sewer pipes, roadway gutters, stormwater inlets, and open ditches, creeks and streams, run under a Stormwater Management Plan permitted through Ohio EPA.…"
    },
    "fun": [
      "A city of about 9,600 people runs eight production wells, three water treatment plants, 44 miles of main, 352 hydrants and a 1.5-million-gallon tower entirely on its own.",
      "Oakwood's growth was partly a flood-safety pitch: after the 1913 Great Dayton Flood, ads sold Oakwood lots as sitting '275 feet higher than the intersection of Third and Main Streets.'",
      "The city softens its raw groundwater from about 27 grains per gallon of hardness down to about 12 - roughly 200 mg/L, still fairly hard tap water by national standards.",
      "Oakwood adds no fluoride at all; the roughly 0.24 ppm in the tap is whatever the aquifer happens to supply.",
      "Every 100 cubic feet of water billed carries a 10-cent Well Field Protection Fee - a line item on the bill for guarding the ground the city's eight wells draw from."
    ],
    "src": {
      "history": [
        "https://storage.googleapis.com/proudcity/oakwoodoh/2025/05/ccr-2025_final-fbac396d.pdf",
        "https://storage.googleapis.com/proudcity/oakwoodoh/2024/05/ccr-2023-FINAL.pdf",
        "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakwood,_Montgomery_County,_Ohio",
        "https://storage.googleapis.com/proudcity/oakwoodoh/2019/05/70dc4b41-exhibit-a-utility-billing-appendix_2026.pdf"
      ],
      "treatment": [
        "https://storage.googleapis.com/proudcity/oakwoodoh/2025/05/ccr-2025_final-fbac396d.pdf",
        "https://oakwoodohio.gov/water-production-and-distribution/",
        "https://oakwoodohio.gov/water-inquiries/"
      ],
      "pressure": [
        "https://storage.googleapis.com/proudcity/oakwoodoh/2025/05/ccr-2025_final-fbac396d.pdf",
        "https://oakwoodohio.gov/water-inquiries/"
      ],
      "rates": [
        "https://storage.googleapis.com/proudcity/oakwoodoh/2019/05/70dc4b41-exhibit-a-utility-billing-appendix_2026.pdf",
        "https://oakwoodohio.gov/public-services-rate-sheet/"
      ],
      "impurities": [
        "https://storage.googleapis.com/proudcity/oakwoodoh/2025/05/ccr-2025_final-fbac396d.pdf",
        "https://storage.googleapis.com/proudcity/oakwoodoh/2024/05/ccr-2023-FINAL.pdf"
      ],
      "water_stress": [
        "https://storage.googleapis.com/proudcity/oakwoodoh/2025/05/ccr-2025_final-fbac396d.pdf",
        "https://storage.googleapis.com/proudcity/oakwoodoh/2024/05/ccr-2023-FINAL.pdf",
        "https://storage.googleapis.com/proudcity/oakwoodoh/2019/05/70dc4b41-exhibit-a-utility-billing-appendix_2026.pdf"
      ],
      "sewer": [
        "https://oakwoodohio.gov/sanitary-sewer-service/",
        "https://oakwoodohio.gov/stormwater-drainage/",
        "https://oakwoodohio.gov/public-services-rate-sheet/",
        "https://storage.googleapis.com/proudcity/oakwoodoh/2019/05/70dc4b41-exhibit-a-utility-billing-appendix_2026.pdf"
      ],
      "fun_facts": [
        "https://storage.googleapis.com/proudcity/oakwoodoh/2025/05/ccr-2025_final-fbac396d.pdf",
        "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakwood,_Montgomery_County,_Ohio",
        "https://oakwoodohio.gov/water-inquiries/",
        "https://storage.googleapis.com/proudcity/oakwoodoh/2019/05/70dc4b41-exhibit-a-utility-billing-appendix_2026.pdf"
      ]
    }
  },
  "zips_served": [
    {
      "zip": "45419",
      "share": 0.3368,
      "dominant": true
    },
    {
      "zip": "45409",
      "share": 0.1093,
      "dominant": false
    }
  ],
  "photo": {
    "url": "/photos/OH5701915.jpg",
    "caption": "Great Miami River at Dayton, Ohio, whose alluvium feeds the buried-valley aquifer supplying Oakwood's wells",
    "credit": "Giorgio Galeotti",
    "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
  },
  "url": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/water/OH5701915/",
  "api": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/water/OH5701915.json",
  "generated": "2026-09-16",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0 for the compilation; each source keeps its own terms",
  "cite": "Cracked Buckeye (Open Shower Co), \"Oakwood City · OH5701915\", https://crackedbuckeye.com/water/OH5701915/, built 2026-09-16, accessed [date].",
  "schema": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/schema.json"
}