{
  "type": "water",
  "pwsid": "OH2000111",
  "name": "Defiance City",
  "county": "Defiance",
  "population": 16494,
  "producer": true,
  "source_class": "river",
  "label": "Maumee River (via 74-acre upground reservoir)",
  "bodies": [
    "Maumee River"
  ],
  "intakes": [
    "Maumee River",
    "Reservoir"
  ],
  "wells": 0,
  "aquifer": "",
  "notes": "Two intakes pump Maumee River water into a 350-million-gallon, 74-acre upground reservoir that supplies the plant and can sustain the city up to ~90 days if river pumping stops.",
  "urls": [
    "https://cityofdefiance.com/298/Water-Treatment-Plant",
    "https://cityofdefiance.com/302/Defiance-City-Reservoir"
  ],
  "chain": [
    "OH2000111"
  ],
  "plants": [
    {
      "n": "Defiance City Water Treatment Plant",
      "a": "Defiance, Defiance County, OH (near the Maumee River; exact street address not verified)",
      "la": 41.2836,
      "lo": -84.354,
      "pt": "approximate",
      "wb": "Maumee River",
      "src": "Maumee River water pulled through two river intakes and stored in a 74-acre upground (off-channel) reservoir before treatment, near the Maumee/Auglaize/Tiffin River confluence at Defiance",
      "cls": "river",
      "in": [
        {
          "n": "Maumee River Intake 1",
          "wb": "Maumee River",
          "role": "primary",
          "src": "River pump station on the Maumee River that replenishes the 74-acre upground reservoir; river pumps are shut off during poor water quality and the plant draws from reservoir storage instead",
          "la": 41.2836,
          "lo": -84.354,
          "pt": "approximate"
        },
        {
          "n": "Maumee River Intake 2",
          "wb": "Maumee River",
          "role": "secondary",
          "src": "Second river pumping intake on the Maumee River paired with Intake 1, feeding the same upground reservoir",
          "la": 41.2836,
          "lo": -84.354,
          "pt": "approximate"
        },
        {
          "n": "Defiance City Reservoir",
          "wb": "Maumee River (off-channel upground storage)",
          "role": "storage",
          "src": "74-acre, ~350-million-gallon upground reservoir on Canal Road on the west side of Defiance that stores pumped Maumee River water, providing up to ~90 days of supply when river withdrawals are halted for water-quality reasons",
          "la": 41.2384,
          "lo": -84.3999,
          "pt": "intake"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "facts": {
    "hist": [
      [
        "1956",
        "City completed an interceptor sewer and primary wastewater treatment plant at a cost of more than $2 million, responding to pollution of the Maumee and Auglaize Rivers from combined sewers built in…"
      ],
      [
        "1969",
        "Wastewater plant expanded from primary to secondary treatment, with new sanitary sewers built in underserved areas to relieve system overloading."
      ],
      [
        "1989",
        "Renovation of 20-to-30-year-old process equipment completed at a cost of $11,711,000, allowing the plant to meet stricter discharge requirements."
      ],
      [
        "1998",
        "Wastewater plant capacity increased from 4.0 MGD to 6.0 MGD, adding biological ammonia-nitrogen removal in the aeration tanks and allowing sewer service to be extended to the Village of Ayersville…"
      ],
      [
        "2008",
        "City completed a 74-acre, roughly 350-million-gallon upground reservoir (average depth 18 feet) fed from the Maumee River, acting as a pretreatment basin and an isolated supply during river…"
      ],
      [
        "2020",
        "City of Defiance and Ohio EPA signed a legal agreement to reduce the frequency and volume of combined sewer overflows; the resulting long-term control plan went to public hearing under the…"
      ]
    ],
    "treat": "Maumee River water is drawn through river intakes and pumped to the city's 74-acre upground reservoir, which settles solids and buffers raw-water quality, then flows back to the Class IV plant. Treatment uses sodium permanganate for organics removal and taste-and-odor control, ferric chloride…",
    "press": "No distribution pressure figure is published. The system relies on two one-million-gallon elevated water towers (2 million gallons combined) feeding 133 miles of waterline (the…",
    "rate": {
      "g": 8.25,
      "n": "City of Defiance 2026 metered water rate is $61.71 per 1,000 cubic feet. Since 1,000 cubic feet = 7,480 gallons, that is $8.25 per 1,000 gallons. On top of usage, a monthly…",
      "m": 57.2
    },
    "imp": [
      [
        "Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM)",
        "72.0",
        "ppb",
        "80",
        "2024",
        "Highest level found as printed in the CCR; range of detections 25.2-71.8 ppb. No violation. (The printed 'level found'…"
      ],
      [
        "Haloacetic Acids (HAA5)",
        "12.3",
        "ppb",
        "60",
        "2024",
        "Range of detections 6.0-12.5 ppb; no violation."
      ],
      [
        "Turbidity",
        "0.58",
        "NTU",
        "1 (TT; 0.3 NTU…",
        "2024",
        "Highest single result; range 0.01-0.58 NTU; 100% of samples met the turbidity limits."
      ],
      [
        "Total Organic Carbon (TOC)",
        "2.1",
        "ppm",
        "TT (removal…",
        "2024",
        "Range 1.9-2.4 ppm; naturally present."
      ],
      [
        "Nitrate (as N)",
        "2.04",
        "ppm",
        "10",
        "2024",
        "Range 0.40-2.04 ppm; runoff from fertilizer use, typical of the agricultural Maumee watershed."
      ],
      [
        "Fluoride",
        "1.13",
        "ppm",
        "4",
        "2024",
        "Range 0.78-1.36 ppm; natural deposits plus water additive."
      ],
      [
        "Barium",
        "0.021",
        "ppm",
        "2",
        "2024",
        "Erosion of natural deposits."
      ],
      [
        "Atrazine",
        "0.07",
        "ppb",
        "3",
        "2024",
        "Runoff from herbicide used on row crops."
      ],
      [
        "Simazine",
        "0.049",
        "ppb",
        "4",
        "2024",
        "Range 0.048-0.049 ppb."
      ],
      [
        "Total Chlorine",
        "1.16",
        "ppm",
        "4 (MRDL)",
        "2024",
        "Range 0.96-1.26 ppm; water additive used to control microbes."
      ]
    ],
    "proj": [
      [
        "Wastewater plant upgrade (headworks, septage receiving, bar screens)",
        4850000,
        "2025",
        "proposed",
        "Largest item in the roughly $7.8 million 2025 water/sewer capital plan previewed to city council in October 2024; funded from water and sewer user charges.…"
      ],
      [
        "Domersville Road water line replacement",
        1600000,
        "2025",
        "proposed",
        "From the 2025 water/sewer capital improvement plan presented to council."
      ],
      [
        "Sewer lining and repairs, including Pleasant St. and Greenhouse Ave. septic-to-sewer conversion",
        350000,
        "2025",
        "proposed",
        "From the 2025 water/sewer capital improvement plan presented to council."
      ],
      [
        "Water plant lime feed improvements",
        125000,
        "2025",
        "proposed",
        "Required by Ohio EPA; supports the plant's lime softening step."
      ],
      [
        "Water plant clarifier repainting",
        100000,
        "2025",
        "proposed",
        "From the 2025 water/sewer capital improvement plan."
      ],
      [
        "Miscellaneous waterline replacement",
        100000,
        "2025",
        "proposed",
        "From the 2025 water/sewer capital improvement plan."
      ],
      [
        "Water plant carbonic system",
        75000,
        "2025",
        "proposed",
        "Supports the recarbonation/pH adjustment step."
      ]
    ],
    "plan": [
      [
        "Combined sewer overflow Long Term Control Plan",
        null,
        "",
        "planned",
        "Required by the 2020 legal agreement between the city and Ohio EPA; the proposed plan includes projects at the wastewater treatment plant and in the collection…"
      ],
      [
        "Ottawa Avenue Corridor Improvements - Phase 2",
        null,
        "2026",
        "under construction",
        "Reconstruction of a portion of Ottawa Avenue including drainage improvements, sidewalks, curbs, and multi-use paths. No cost is published on the city projects…"
      ]
    ],
    "stress": "The Maumee River source is highly exposed: Ohio EPA's source water assessment treats all surface water as susceptible, and Defiance's protection area is specifically susceptible to agricultural runoff (animal feedlots, pesticide and fertilizer storage and application), industrial and commercial sources, junkyards, above-ground storage…",
    "sew": {
      "s": "City-owned wastewater treatment plant, 6.0 MGD since the 1998-2000 upgrade with biological ammonia-nitrogen removal, discharging to the Maumee River; serves Defiance plus extended service to the Village of Ayersville via an interceptor sewer system dating to 1956. Much of the collection system is COMBINED (sanitary plus stormwater), a…",
      "st": "Where separate storm sewers exist, the city holds an Ohio EPA NPDES Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) permit and follows a Stormwater Management Plan. No dedicated stormwater utility or monthly stormwater fee was found in the sources reviewed…"
    },
    "fun": [
      "The 350-million-gallon upground reservoir can keep Defiance supplied for up to about 90 days even if Maumee River pumping stops entirely - and in 2024 the city only pumped from the river on 236 of 365 days.",
      "The reservoir doubles as a maintenance workaround: crews can service the river intake structures, equipment, and pumps without interrupting water production.",
      "Sodium permanganate goes in before coagulation even begins, specifically to strip organics and head off taste-and-odor complaints from Maumee River algae.",
      "Defiance's water rate is quoted per 1,000 cubic feet, not per gallon - $61.71 per 1,000 cubic feet works out to $8.25 per 1,000 gallons, and the sewer rate is published on a different unit again ($5.54 per 100 cubic…",
      "Defiance is not just its own customer: the plant wholesales Maumee River water to the Ayersville Water and Sewer District, the Brunersburg Water District, and the Lake Christy Meadows Water Utility."
    ],
    "src": {
      "history": [
        "https://cityofdefiance.com/297/Waste-Water-Facility-History",
        "https://cityofdefiance.com/302/Defiance-City-Reservoir",
        "https://www.cityofdefiance.com/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/76",
        "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/47/citizen/Defiance-Plan-CSO-Antideg-FAQ.pdf"
      ],
      "treatment": [
        "https://cityofdefiance.com/298/Water-Treatment-Plant",
        "https://www.cityofdefiance.com/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/76",
        "https://cityofdefiance.com/302/Defiance-City-Reservoir"
      ],
      "pressure": [
        "https://cityofdefiance.com/298/Water-Treatment-Plant",
        "https://www.cityofdefiance.com/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/76"
      ],
      "rates": [
        "https://cityofdefiance.com/291/Water",
        "https://cityofdefiance.com/292/Sewer",
        "https://cityofdefiance.com/290/Utilities---Water-Sewer-Garbage"
      ],
      "impurities": [
        "https://www.cityofdefiance.com/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/76"
      ],
      "projects": [
        "https://www.crescent-news.com/news/local_news/defiance-council-takes-a-look-at-proposed-water-sewer-capital-projects/article_91e29574-908c-11ef-bc64-f380871e6cef.html"
      ],
      "planned": [
        "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/47/citizen/Defiance-Plan-CSO-Antideg-FAQ.pdf",
        "https://cityofdefiance.com/379/City-Projects"
      ],
      "water_stress": [
        "https://www.cityofdefiance.com/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/76",
        "https://cityofdefiance.com/302/Defiance-City-Reservoir",
        "https://cityofdefiance.com/298/Water-Treatment-Plant"
      ],
      "sewer": [
        "https://cityofdefiance.com/297/Waste-Water-Facility-History",
        "https://cityofdefiance.com/296/Combined-Sewer-Overflows-CSO",
        "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/47/citizen/Defiance-Plan-CSO-Antideg-FAQ.pdf",
        "https://cityofdefiance.com/283/Stormwater-Municipal-Separate-Storm-Sewe"
      ],
      "fun_facts": [
        "https://cityofdefiance.com/302/Defiance-City-Reservoir",
        "https://www.cityofdefiance.com/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/76",
        "https://cityofdefiance.com/298/Water-Treatment-Plant",
        "https://cityofdefiance.com/291/Water"
      ]
    }
  },
  "zips_served": [
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      "zip": "43512",
      "share": 0.5978,
      "dominant": true
    }
  ],
  "photo": {
    "url": "/photos/OH2000111.jpg",
    "caption": "Confluence of the Maumee and Auglaize Rivers at Defiance, Ohio, near the city's river intakes",
    "credit": "Chris Light",
    "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
  },
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  "api": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/water/OH2000111.json",
  "generated": "2026-09-16",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0 for the compilation; each source keeps its own terms",
  "cite": "Cracked Buckeye (Open Shower Co), \"Defiance City · OH2000111\", https://crackedbuckeye.com/water/OH2000111/, built 2026-09-16, accessed [date].",
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}