{
  "type": "water",
  "pwsid": "OH0901712",
  "name": "Middletown City",
  "county": "Butler",
  "population": 51229,
  "producer": true,
  "source_class": "groundwater",
  "label": "Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer (wells)",
  "bodies": [],
  "intakes": [],
  "wells": 14,
  "aquifer": "Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer",
  "notes": "14 groundwater production wells tap the Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer near the Great Miami River; Middletown also has wholesale interconnections with Warren Co., Southwest Regional Water District, and Monroe.",
  "urls": [
    "https://www.cityofmiddletown.org/355/Water-Treatment",
    "http://oh-middletown.civicplus.com/Archive.aspx?AMID=44&Type=Recent",
    "https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM_FACILITY/PWSID/OH0901712/JSON"
  ],
  "chain": [
    "OH0901712"
  ],
  "plants": [
    {
      "n": "Middletown Water Treatment Plant",
      "a": "805 Columbia Ave, Middletown, OH 45042",
      "la": 39.5075,
      "lo": -84.4025,
      "pt": "plant",
      "wb": "Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer (groundwater)",
      "src": "Six groundwater wells on the west side of the Great Miami River along Cincinnati-Dayton Road / Oxford State Road, pumped to the treatment plant on Columbia Ave",
      "cls": "groundwater",
      "in": [
        {
          "n": "Middletown Well Field (Great Miami River valley)",
          "wb": "Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer - unconfined glacial sand and gravel beneath and beside the Great Miami River, refilled by the river",
          "role": "primary",
          "src": "14 wells in the Great Miami River valley near the city, feeding two pumping stations that supply the 20 MGD plant on Columbia Ave (14 wells · not published)",
          "la": 39.5075,
          "lo": -84.4025,
          "pt": "plant",
          "wells": [
            "Well 3",
            "Well 6",
            "Well 8",
            "Well 10",
            "Well 11",
            "Well 12",
            "Well 13",
            "Well 14",
            "Well 15",
            "Well 16",
            "Well 17",
            "Well 18",
            "Well 19",
            "Well 20"
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "facts": {
    "hist": [
      [
        "2011",
        "US EPA and DOJ Clean Water Act consent decree: $55,000 penalty, $200,000 canal-sediment project, and a long-term control plan cutting overflows to six CSO events a year."
      ],
      [
        "2024",
        "PFOS measured at 0.00432 ppb (4.32 ppt) in city water, marginally above the 4 ppt federal PFOS limit EPA finalized that year."
      ],
      [
        "2025",
        "City issued its annual lead service line notifications on time but received an Ohio EPA Notice of Violation for filing the verification of those notices late."
      ]
    ],
    "treat": "Wells in the Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer produce up to 20 MGD. Raw well water goes to the Columbia Avenue plant, where it is softened with lime, disinfected with chlorine, then filtered through dual-media filters; fluoride is added to prevent tooth decay.",
    "press": "not published; no citywide average psi figure or pressure-zone data found in city sources.",
    "rate": {
      "g": null,
      "n": "No current per-unit water rate was found in accessible city sources; reported 2023 approval and 2026 postponement of an increase could not be substantiated.",
      "m": null
    },
    "imp": [
      [
        "PFOS",
        "0.00432",
        "ppb",
        "0.004 ppb (4…",
        "2024",
        "Listed as unregulated in the CCR; 4.32 ppt sits just above EPA's 2024 PFOS limit. Range ND-0.00432."
      ],
      [
        "Total trihalomethanes (TTHM)",
        "19.8",
        "ppb",
        "80",
        "2025",
        "Well under the MCL. Range 17.5-19.8 ppb; no violation."
      ],
      [
        "Haloacetic acids (HAA5)",
        "2.9",
        "ppb",
        "60",
        "2025",
        "Very low for a disinfected supply. Range ND-2.9 ppb; no violation."
      ],
      [
        "Nitrate",
        "0.82",
        "ppm",
        "10",
        "2025",
        "About 8% of the MCL despite an agricultural buried-valley aquifer setting."
      ],
      [
        "Barium",
        "0.665",
        "ppm",
        "2",
        "2023",
        "Naturally occurring from erosion of deposits. Range 0.5675-0.885 ppm."
      ],
      [
        "Radium 228",
        "0.537",
        "pCi/L",
        "5",
        "2023",
        "Naturally occurring; about a tenth of the MCL."
      ],
      [
        "Lead (90th percentile)",
        "1.12",
        "ppb",
        "15 (action…",
        "2025",
        "0 of 30 sites above the action level. Range 0.221-3.27 ppb."
      ],
      [
        "Copper (90th percentile)",
        "0.03155",
        "ppm",
        "1.3 (action…",
        "2025",
        "0 of 30 sites above the action level. Range 0.0022-0.0547 ppm."
      ]
    ],
    "proj": [
      [
        "Sewer system rehabilitation, WWTP upgrades and CSO controls under the 2011 Clean Water Act consent decree",
        null,
        "2011",
        "under construction",
        "EPA states the decree work runs on a 25-year schedule, so it is ongoing rather than complete."
      ],
      [
        "Lead service line inventory and public notification",
        null,
        "2025",
        "completed",
        "Inventory published as a searchable ArcGIS map; annual service-line notices issued to customers in 2025."
      ]
    ],
    "plan": [],
    "stress": "The Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer is productive and not drought-vulnerable like a surface system, but Ohio EPA rates it highly susceptible: no protective clay layer, water less than 15 feet down, and past detections of human-made contaminants. PFOS at 4.32 ppt already edges over the new 4 ppt MCL.",
    "sew": {
      "s": "City-run plant rated 26 MGD and averaging about 14.5 MGD, discharging to the Great Miami River across roughly 342 miles of sewer with 8 combined sewer overflow outfalls; a 2011 US EPA/DOJ consent decree requires a long-term control plan cutting overflows to six events a year.",
      "st": "Partly combined system with 8 CSO outfalls to the Great Miami River, being addressed under the 2011 consent decree's long-term control plan. No separate stormwater utility fee was confirmed."
    },
    "fun": [
      "Middletown's wells can produce up to 20 million gallons a day, but the plant delivers only about 8.3 million, leaving the system running well under its capacity.",
      "PFOS turned up at 4.32 parts per trillion in 2024 - just above the 4 ppt federal limit EPA set that same year, and still listed as 'unregulated' in the city's report.",
      "Ohio EPA rates Middletown's aquifer highly susceptible partly because the water table sits less than 15 feet down with no clay layer capping it.",
      "The plant softens its water with lime, a process that leaves the finished water noticeably less hard than the raw groundwater it starts from."
    ]
  },
  "zips_served": [
    {
      "zip": "45042",
      "share": 0.6659,
      "dominant": true
    },
    {
      "zip": "45044",
      "share": 0.584,
      "dominant": true
    },
    {
      "zip": "45005",
      "share": 0.0497,
      "dominant": false
    }
  ],
  "photo": {
    "url": "/photos/OH0901712.jpg",
    "caption": "Great Miami River at the Germantown Road Bridge, Middletown, Ohio",
    "credit": "Antony-22",
    "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
  },
  "url": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/water/OH0901712/",
  "api": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/water/OH0901712.json",
  "generated": "2026-09-16",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0 for the compilation; each source keeps its own terms",
  "cite": "Cracked Buckeye (Open Shower Co), \"Middletown City · OH0901712\", https://crackedbuckeye.com/water/OH0901712/, built 2026-09-16, accessed [date].",
  "schema": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/schema.json"
}