{
  "type": "water",
  "pwsid": "OH0900303",
  "name": "Butler Co. Water District 2",
  "county": "Butler",
  "population": 116572,
  "producer": false,
  "source_class": "groundwater",
  "label": "Hamilton wells (Great Miami aquifer) + Cincinnati (Ohio River + wells)",
  "bodies": [
    "Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer",
    "Ohio River"
  ],
  "intakes": [],
  "wells": null,
  "aquifer": "Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer",
  "notes": "Butler Co. WD2 is Hamilton's single largest wholesale customer (contractually obligated to buy 2.92B+ gallons/year from Hamilton's Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer groundwater), with Greater Cincinnati Water Works (Ohio River) as the secondary supplier.",
  "urls": [
    "https://cms5.revize.com/revize/butleroh/Document_Center/Water%20&%20Sewer/Forms/Proof%20-%20Water%20Report%202025.pdf",
    "http://www.bcohio.gov/board_of_commissioners/commissioner_departments/water_sewer/water_quality.php",
    "https://www.journal-news.com/news/hamilton-to-supply-more-award-winning-water-to-butler-county/article_7ead802c-02ce-5de8-9960-1df1007b4ada.html"
  ],
  "chain": [
    "OH0900303",
    "OH0904012"
  ],
  "plants": [
    {
      "n": "City of Hamilton South Water Treatment Plant",
      "a": "South Water Treatment Plant, Benninghofen Ave area, Hamilton, OH 45015 (production wells located throughout the City of…",
      "la": 39.3688,
      "lo": -84.5556,
      "pt": "approximate",
      "wb": "Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer",
      "src": "16 deep wells spread across the City of Fairfield, pulling Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer water ~210 ft down",
      "cls": "groundwater",
      "k": "OH0904012#0",
      "of": "OH0904012"
    },
    {
      "n": "Charles M. Bolton Treatment Plant (Greater Cincinnati Water Works)",
      "a": "East River Road (6800-6900 block), Fairfield, OH 45014",
      "la": 39.316,
      "lo": -84.6084,
      "pt": "plant",
      "wb": "Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer",
      "src": "13 GCWW wells in the Great Miami River valley off East River Rd, Fairfield, in southern Butler County",
      "cls": "groundwater",
      "k": "OH3102612#1",
      "of": "OH3102612"
    },
    {
      "n": "Richard Miller Treatment Plant (Greater Cincinnati Water Works)",
      "a": "5651 Kellogg Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45230",
      "la": 39.0721,
      "lo": -84.4227,
      "pt": "plant",
      "wb": "Ohio River",
      "src": "Ohio River intake beside the plant in Cincinnati's California neighborhood, upstream of downtown",
      "cls": "ohio",
      "k": "OH3102612#0",
      "of": "OH3102612"
    }
  ],
  "facts": {
    "hist": [
      [
        "1884",
        "The City of Hamilton began owning and operating its own water utility; it remains Butler County Water & Sewer's principal supplier today."
      ],
      [
        "1913",
        "The March 1913 Great Miami River flood devastated Hamilton and led to the Miami Conservancy District's regional flood-control system."
      ],
      [
        "2015",
        "Hamilton's tap water took the gold medal for Best Municipal Water at the 25th Berkeley Springs International Water Tasting."
      ],
      [
        "2025",
        "BCWS reported its lead service line inventory complete: no lead, galvanized-requiring-replacement or unknown-material lines among 41,354 connections."
      ]
    ],
    "treat": "Buys all water finished. Hamilton pulls the Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer via 21 deep wells, disinfecting with chlorine dioxide; GCWW adds Ohio River water treated by settling, filtration, a very large GAC plant and UV. BCWS re-chlorinates and adds soda ash.",
    "press": "not published — BCWS says pump stations and storage tanks hold pressure through peak demand, but no system psi figure appears in its published reports.",
    "rate": {
      "g": null,
      "n": "Not confirmed. The $3.36/1,000 gal + $4.53 figure (eff. Jan 1, 2023) is tiered by lift station, i.e. sewer service; no BCWS water rate schedule was located.",
      "m": null
    },
    "imp": [
      [
        "TTHM (total trihalomethanes)",
        "37.125",
        "ppb",
        "80",
        "2025",
        "Measured in BCWS distribution; range 8.9-44.8. No violation."
      ],
      [
        "HAA5 (haloacetic acids)",
        "9.425",
        "ppb",
        "60",
        "2025",
        "Measured in BCWS distribution; range 0-9.5, well under the MCL."
      ],
      [
        "Lead (90th percentile)",
        "0",
        "ppb",
        "15 (action…",
        "2025",
        "1 of 50 samples exceeded the action level; 90th percentile reported as 0. No violation."
      ],
      [
        "Chlorine dioxide",
        "660",
        "ppb",
        "800 (MRDL)",
        "2025",
        "Hamilton's disinfectant; range 100-660, running at 83% of the federal maximum."
      ],
      [
        "Chlorite",
        "0.68",
        "ppm",
        "1.0",
        "2025",
        "Chlorine dioxide byproduct in Hamilton water; range 0.41-0.70, 68% of the MCL."
      ],
      [
        "Nitrate",
        "1.25",
        "ppm",
        "10",
        "2025",
        "Highest of the two suppliers (GCWW); Hamilton 0.64 ppm. Well under the MCL."
      ],
      [
        "Fluoride",
        "0.88",
        "ppm",
        "4",
        "2025",
        "GCWW 0.88, Hamilton 0.87; added to promote strong teeth."
      ],
      [
        "PFHxS",
        "2.4",
        "ppt",
        "10",
        "2023",
        "UCMR5, Hamilton intertie; range ND-4.7. Cincinnati intertie was ND. PFBS also 3.3 ppt."
      ]
    ],
    "proj": [
      [
        "Lead service line inventory and field verification",
        null,
        "2025",
        "completed",
        "Records review plus 395 field verifications across 41,354 connections found no lead or galvanized service lines on either the utility or private side."
      ]
    ],
    "plan": [
      [
        "Upper Mill Creek WRF equalization system and sludge drying facility",
        21000000,
        "",
        "planned",
        "Roughly $21M of upgrades at one of BCWS's two regional wastewater reclamation plants."
      ],
      [
        "Pheasant Hills water main replacement",
        1400000,
        "",
        "planned",
        "About 3,886 ft of 6-inch and 3,895 ft of 10-inch water main."
      ],
      [
        "West Chester Township sewer cleaning and inspection",
        null,
        "",
        "planned",
        "Systemwide cleaning and inspection of sewers in the district's largest township."
      ],
      [
        "Water service line replacement contracts",
        null,
        "2026-2030",
        "planned",
        "Multiple service line replacement contracts programmed through 2030 in the county capital plan."
      ]
    ],
    "stress": "Ohio EPA rates both sources highly susceptible: the Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer has no protective clay cap, a shallow water table and nearby contaminant sources, while the Ohio River leg is open to spills — GCWW found Cryptosporidium in 1 of 4 raw samples in 2025, none in treated water.",
    "sew": {
      "s": "BCWS runs the sanitary sewers, serving about 100,000 people through five plants — regional LeSourdsville and Upper Mill Creek plus satellites Wade Mill, New Miami and Queen Acres — treating about 20 MGD against 33 MGD of combined permitted discharge. The City of Hamilton runs its own system.",
      "st": "Not confirmed — no public source located on whether storm sewers here are separate or combined, or on any stormwater fee in West Chester Township or the City of Hamilton."
    },
    "fun": [
      "Hamilton's tap water took the gold medal for Best Municipal Water at the Berkeley Springs International Water Tasting's 25th running — the origin of the city's 'world's best water' billing.",
      "BCWS reported no lead, galvanized-requiring-replacement, or unknown-material service lines at all across 41,354 connections — unusual for a system this size.",
      "Hamilton disinfects with chlorine dioxide rather than plain chlorine; its 2025 residual of 660 ppb ran at 83% of the 800 ppb federal maximum.",
      "Some Butler County taps blend aquifer water from Hamilton's wells with Ohio River water from Cincinnati, so what you drink depends on which intertie feeds your street."
    ]
  },
  "zips_served": [
    {
      "zip": "45069",
      "share": 0.9625,
      "dominant": true
    },
    {
      "zip": "45011",
      "share": 0.6017,
      "dominant": true
    },
    {
      "zip": "45044",
      "share": 0.3373,
      "dominant": false
    },
    {
      "zip": "45241",
      "share": 0.2922,
      "dominant": false
    },
    {
      "zip": "45040",
      "share": 0.0323,
      "dominant": false
    },
    {
      "zip": "45015",
      "share": 0.0125,
      "dominant": false
    },
    {
      "zip": "45246",
      "share": 0.0027,
      "dominant": false
    },
    {
      "zip": "45014",
      "share": 0.0005,
      "dominant": false
    }
  ],
  "photo": {
    "url": "/photos/OH0900303.jpg",
    "caption": "Great Miami River in Hamilton, Ohio, overlying the Great Miami Buried Valley Aquifer used by the City of Hamilton wellfield",
    "credit": "Tim Kiser",
    "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0"
  },
  "url": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/water/OH0900303/",
  "api": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/water/OH0900303.json",
  "generated": "2026-09-16",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0 for the compilation; each source keeps its own terms",
  "cite": "Cracked Buckeye (Open Shower Co), \"Butler Co. Water District 2 · OH0900303\", https://crackedbuckeye.com/water/OH0900303/, built 2026-09-16, accessed [date].",
  "schema": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/schema.json"
}