{
  "id": "statewide",
  "notes": "national_winner is left out: it needs each year's NATIONAL popular/electoral result, which A only carries for Ohio, so populating it would mean typing in outside historical knowledge rather than citing the archive. Statewide turnout is also left out even though schema.json allows it optionally: out of P1-03's literal scope (the ruling's storage section only promises county turnout), though A/data/turnout/statewide/oh_statewide_turnout_1940-2024.csv already has a clean 1940-2024 series ready for whoever builds /president/ to add it. 30 statewide vote count(s) were blank in the 1804-1972 source file (percentage given, popular_vote cell empty) and were derived by summing that candidate across all 88 counties in results/county/*.json for the same year, rather than left null (schema.json does not allow null there) or defaulted to 0 (which would misstate a real result); see the P1-03 report for the full per-year list. Year(s) omitted from president entirely: 1848 (source popular_vote blank for all of Lewis Cass, Zachary Taylor, Martin Van Buren, no county-level data exists before 1852 to derive a total from, and no other 1848 candidate has a usable count either).",
  "president": {
    "1804": [
      [
        "Thomas Jefferson",
        "DR",
        2593,
        87.7
      ],
      [
        "Unpledged electors",
        "F",
        364,
        12.3
      ]
    ],
    "1808": [
      [
        "James Madison",
        "DR",
        3645,
        60.82
      ],
      [
        "Charles Cotesworth Pinckney",
        "F",
        1174,
        19.59
      ],
      [
        "James Monroe",
        "TQ",
        1174,
        19.59
      ]
    ],
    "1812": [
      [
        "James Madison",
        "DR",
        7420,
        69.21
      ],
      [
        "DeWitt Clinton",
        "DR",
        3301,
        30.79
      ]
    ],
    "1816": [
      [
        "James Monroe",
        "DR",
        3326,
        84.87
      ],
      [
        "Unpledged electors",
        "F",
        593,
        15.13
      ]
    ],
    "1820": [
      [
        "James Monroe",
        "DR",
        7164,
        76.38
      ],
      [
        "John Quincy Adams",
        "DR",
        2215,
        23.62
      ]
    ],
    "1824": [
      [
        "Henry Clay",
        "DR",
        19255,
        38.49
      ],
      [
        "Andrew Jackson",
        "DR",
        18489,
        36.96
      ],
      [
        "John Quincy Adams",
        "DR",
        12280,
        24.55
      ]
    ],
    "1828": [
      [
        "Andrew Jackson",
        "D",
        67595,
        51.6
      ],
      [
        "John Quincy Adams",
        "NR",
        63394,
        48.4
      ]
    ],
    "1832": [
      [
        "Andrew Jackson",
        "D",
        81246,
        51.33
      ],
      [
        "Henry Clay",
        "NR",
        76539,
        48.35
      ]
    ],
    "1836": [
      [
        "William Henry Harrison",
        "W",
        104958,
        51.87
      ],
      [
        "Martin Van Buren",
        "D",
        96238,
        47.56
      ]
    ],
    "1840": [
      [
        "William Henry Harrison",
        "W",
        148157,
        54.1
      ],
      [
        "Martin Van Buren",
        "D",
        124782,
        45.57
      ]
    ],
    "1844": [
      [
        "Henry Clay",
        "W",
        155113,
        49.68
      ],
      [
        "James K. Polk",
        "D",
        149061,
        47.74
      ]
    ],
    "1852": [
      [
        "Franklin Pierce",
        "D",
        168933,
        47.83
      ],
      [
        "Winfield Scott",
        "W",
        152523,
        43.18
      ],
      [
        "John P. Hale",
        "FS",
        31732,
        8.98
      ]
    ],
    "1856": [
      [
        "John C. Frémont",
        "R",
        187497,
        48.51
      ],
      [
        "James Buchanan",
        "D",
        170874,
        44.21
      ],
      [
        "Millard Fillmore",
        "AM",
        28126,
        7.28
      ]
    ],
    "1860": [
      [
        "Abraham Lincoln",
        "R",
        221809,
        51.24
      ],
      [
        "Stephen A. Douglas",
        "D",
        187421,
        43.3
      ]
    ],
    "1864": [
      [
        "Abraham Lincoln",
        "NU",
        265660,
        56.37
      ],
      [
        "George B. McClellan",
        "D",
        205590,
        43.63
      ]
    ],
    "1868": [
      [
        "Ulysses S. Grant",
        "R",
        280173,
        54.0
      ],
      [
        "Horatio Seymour",
        "D",
        238620,
        46.0
      ]
    ],
    "1872": [
      [
        "Ulysses S. Grant",
        "R",
        281852,
        53.24
      ],
      [
        "Horace Greeley",
        "LR",
        244421,
        46.15
      ]
    ],
    "1876": [
      [
        "Rutherford B. Hayes",
        "R",
        330698,
        50.21
      ],
      [
        "Samuel J. Tilden",
        "D",
        323182,
        49.07
      ]
    ],
    "1880": [
      [
        "James A. Garfield",
        "R",
        375048,
        51.73
      ],
      [
        "Winfield Scott Hancock",
        "D",
        340831,
        47.01
      ]
    ],
    "1884": [
      [
        "James G. Blaine",
        "R",
        400082,
        50.99
      ],
      [
        "Grover Cleveland",
        "D",
        368280,
        46.94
      ]
    ],
    "1888": [
      [
        "Benjamin Harrison",
        "R",
        416054,
        49.51
      ],
      [
        "Grover Cleveland",
        "D",
        396455,
        47.18
      ]
    ],
    "1892": [
      [
        "Benjamin Harrison",
        "R",
        405192,
        47.66
      ],
      [
        "Grover Cleveland",
        "D",
        404115,
        47.53
      ]
    ],
    "1896": [
      [
        "William McKinley",
        "R",
        525991,
        51.86
      ],
      [
        "William Jennings Bryan",
        "D",
        477497,
        47.08
      ]
    ],
    "1900": [
      [
        "William McKinley",
        "R",
        543918,
        52.3
      ],
      [
        "William Jennings Bryan",
        "D",
        474882,
        45.66
      ]
    ],
    "1904": [
      [
        "Theodore Roosevelt",
        "R",
        600095,
        59.75
      ],
      [
        "Alton B. Parker",
        "D",
        344674,
        34.32
      ]
    ],
    "1908": [
      [
        "William Howard Taft",
        "R",
        572312,
        51.03
      ],
      [
        "William Jennings Bryan",
        "D",
        502721,
        44.82
      ]
    ],
    "1912": [
      [
        "Woodrow Wilson",
        "D",
        424834,
        40.96
      ],
      [
        "William Howard Taft",
        "R",
        278168,
        26.82
      ]
    ],
    "1916": [
      [
        "Woodrow Wilson",
        "D",
        604161,
        51.86
      ],
      [
        "Charles Evans Hughes",
        "R",
        514753,
        44.18
      ]
    ],
    "1920": [
      [
        "Warren G. Harding",
        "R",
        1182022,
        58.47
      ],
      [
        "James M. Cox",
        "D",
        780037,
        38.58
      ]
    ],
    "1924": [
      [
        "Calvin Coolidge",
        "R",
        1176130,
        58.33
      ],
      [
        "John W. Davis",
        "D",
        477888,
        23.7
      ],
      [
        "Robert M. La Follette",
        "PR",
        357948,
        17.75
      ]
    ],
    "1928": [
      [
        "Herbert Hoover",
        "R",
        1627346,
        64.89
      ],
      [
        "Al Smith",
        "D",
        864210,
        34.45
      ]
    ],
    "1932": [
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        1301695,
        49.88
      ],
      [
        "Herbert Hoover",
        "R",
        1227319,
        47.03
      ]
    ],
    "1936": [
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        1747140,
        57.99
      ],
      [
        "Alf Landon",
        "R",
        1127855,
        37.44
      ]
    ],
    "1940": [
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        1733139,
        52.2
      ],
      [
        "Wendell Willkie",
        "R",
        1586773,
        47.8
      ]
    ],
    "1944": [
      [
        "Thomas E. Dewey",
        "R",
        1582293,
        50.18
      ],
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        1570763,
        49.82
      ]
    ],
    "1948": [
      [
        "Harry S. Truman",
        "D",
        1452791,
        49.48
      ],
      [
        "Thomas E. Dewey",
        "R",
        1445684,
        49.24
      ]
    ],
    "1952": [
      [
        "Dwight D. Eisenhower",
        "R",
        2100391,
        56.76
      ],
      [
        "Adlai Stevenson",
        "D",
        1600367,
        43.24
      ]
    ],
    "1956": [
      [
        "Dwight D. Eisenhower",
        "R",
        2262610,
        61.11
      ],
      [
        "Adlai E. Stevenson",
        "D",
        1439655,
        38.89
      ]
    ],
    "1960": [
      [
        "Richard Nixon",
        "R",
        2217611,
        53.28
      ],
      [
        "John F. Kennedy",
        "D",
        1944248,
        46.72
      ]
    ],
    "1964": [
      [
        "Lyndon B. Johnson",
        "D",
        2498331,
        62.94
      ],
      [
        "Barry Goldwater",
        "R",
        1470865,
        37.06
      ]
    ],
    "1968": [
      [
        "Richard Nixon",
        "R",
        1791014,
        45.23
      ],
      [
        "Hubert Humphrey",
        "D",
        1700586,
        42.95
      ],
      [
        "George Wallace",
        "AIP",
        467495,
        11.81
      ]
    ],
    "1972": [
      [
        "Richard Nixon",
        "R",
        2441827,
        59.63
      ],
      [
        "George McGovern",
        "D",
        1558889,
        38.07
      ]
    ],
    "1976": [
      [
        "Jimmy Carter",
        "D",
        2009959,
        48.9
      ],
      [
        "Gerald Ford",
        "R",
        2000626,
        48.67
      ],
      [
        "Eugene \"Gene\" McCarthy",
        "I",
        58267,
        1.42
      ],
      [
        "Lester Maddox",
        "AIP",
        15508,
        0.38
      ],
      [
        "Roger Macbride",
        "L",
        8952,
        0.22
      ],
      [
        "Gus Hall",
        "CPUSA",
        7817,
        0.19
      ],
      [
        "Peter Camejo",
        "SW",
        4833,
        0.12
      ],
      [
        "Lyndon Larouche Jr.",
        "USL",
        4364,
        0.11
      ],
      [
        "Levin Julius \"Jules\"",
        "SL",
        68,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "Benjamin \"Ben\" Bubar",
        "PRO",
        62,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "1980": [
      [
        "Ronald Reagan",
        "R",
        2206545,
        51.51
      ],
      [
        "Jimmy Carter",
        "D",
        1752414,
        40.91
      ],
      [
        "John B. Anderson",
        "I",
        254472,
        5.94
      ],
      [
        "Edward \"Ed\" Clark",
        "L",
        49033,
        1.14
      ],
      [
        "Barry Commoner",
        "CIT",
        8564,
        0.2
      ],
      [
        "Gus Hall",
        "CPUSA",
        4729,
        0.11
      ],
      [
        "Richard Congress",
        "SW",
        4029,
        0.09
      ],
      [
        "Deirdre Griswold",
        "WW",
        3790,
        0.09
      ],
      [
        "Benjamin \"Ben\" Bubar",
        "STM",
        27,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "1984": [
      [
        "Ronald Reagan",
        "R",
        2678559,
        58.7
      ],
      [
        "Walter Mondale",
        "D",
        1825440,
        40.0
      ],
      [
        "Dennis Serrette",
        "ALN",
        24180,
        0.53
      ],
      [
        "Lyndon Larouche Jr.",
        "I",
        10693,
        0.23
      ],
      [
        "Edward Winn",
        "WL",
        7130,
        0.16
      ],
      [
        "David Bergland",
        "L",
        5886,
        0.13
      ],
      [
        "Gus Hall",
        "CPUSA",
        4438,
        0.1
      ],
      [
        "Melvin Mason",
        "SW",
        4344,
        0.1
      ],
      [
        "Larry Holmes",
        "WW",
        2565,
        0.06
      ]
    ],
    "1988": [
      [
        "George H.W. Bush",
        "R",
        2416549,
        55.0
      ],
      [
        "Michael Dukakis",
        "D",
        1939629,
        44.15
      ],
      [
        "Lenora Fulani",
        "NA",
        12017,
        0.27
      ],
      [
        "Ronald \"Ron\" Paul",
        "L",
        11926,
        0.27
      ],
      [
        "",
        "I",
        7713,
        0.18
      ],
      [
        "Edward Winn",
        "WL",
        5401,
        0.12
      ],
      [
        "",
        "O",
        350,
        0.01
      ]
    ],
    "1992": [
      [
        "Bill Clinton",
        "D",
        1984942,
        40.18
      ],
      [
        "George H.W. Bush",
        "R",
        1894310,
        38.35
      ],
      [
        "Ross Perot",
        "I",
        1036426,
        20.98
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "I",
        24247,
        0.49
      ],
      [
        "",
        "O",
        42,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "1996": [
      [
        "Bill Clinton",
        "D",
        2148222,
        47.38
      ],
      [
        "Robert Dole",
        "R",
        1859883,
        41.02
      ],
      [
        "Ross Perot",
        "RFM",
        483207,
        10.66
      ],
      [
        "Harry Browne",
        "L",
        12851,
        0.28
      ],
      [
        "Monica Moorehead",
        "WW",
        10813,
        0.24
      ],
      [
        "John Hagelin",
        "NL",
        9120,
        0.2
      ],
      [
        "Howard Phillips",
        "UST",
        7361,
        0.16
      ],
      [
        "Ralph Nader",
        "G",
        2962,
        0.07
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        15,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "2000": [
      [
        "George W. Bush",
        "R",
        2350363,
        49.99
      ],
      [
        "Al Gore",
        "D",
        2183628,
        46.44
      ],
      [
        "Not Designated",
        "O",
        148353,
        3.16
      ],
      [
        "Harry Browne",
        "L",
        13473,
        0.29
      ],
      [
        "John Hagelin",
        "NL",
        6181,
        0.13
      ]
    ],
    "2004": [
      [
        "George W. Bush",
        "R",
        2859764,
        50.81
      ],
      [
        "John Kerry",
        "D",
        2741165,
        48.71
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        26616,
        0.47
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        358,
        0.01
      ]
    ],
    "2008": [
      [
        "Barack H. Obama",
        "D",
        2940044,
        51.5
      ],
      [
        "John McCain",
        "R",
        2677820,
        46.91
      ],
      [
        "Ralph Nader",
        "I",
        46242,
        0.81
      ],
      [
        "Bob Barr",
        "L",
        19917,
        0.35
      ],
      [
        "Charles \"Chuck\" Baldwin",
        "CON",
        12565,
        0.22
      ],
      [
        "Cynthia McKinney",
        "G",
        8518,
        0.15
      ],
      [
        "Brian Moore",
        "S",
        2735,
        0.05
      ],
      [
        "",
        "I",
        509,
        0.01
      ]
    ],
    "2012": [
      [
        "Barack H. Obama",
        "D",
        2827621,
        50.67
      ],
      [
        "Mitt Romney",
        "R",
        2661407,
        47.69
      ],
      [
        "Gary Johnson",
        "L",
        49493,
        0.89
      ],
      [
        "Jill Stein",
        "G",
        18574,
        0.33
      ],
      [
        "Richard Duncan",
        "I",
        12502,
        0.22
      ],
      [
        "Virgil Hamlin Goode Jr.",
        "CON",
        8151,
        0.15
      ],
      [
        "Stewart Alexander",
        "S",
        2967,
        0.05
      ],
      [
        "",
        "O",
        107,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "2016": [
      [
        "Donald J. Trump",
        "R",
        2841005,
        51.69
      ],
      [
        "Hillary Clinton",
        "D",
        2394164,
        43.56
      ],
      [
        "",
        "NPA",
        198733,
        3.62
      ],
      [
        "Jill Stein",
        "G",
        46271,
        0.84
      ],
      [
        "",
        "O",
        16314,
        0.3
      ]
    ],
    "2020": [
      [
        "Donald J. Trump",
        "R",
        3154834,
        53.27
      ],
      [
        "Joseph R. Biden Jr.",
        "D",
        2679165,
        45.24
      ],
      [
        "Jo Jorgensen",
        "L",
        67569,
        1.14
      ],
      [
        "Howie Hawkins",
        "G",
        18812,
        0.32
      ],
      [
        "Brian Carroll",
        "ASP",
        1450,
        0.02
      ],
      [
        "Jade Simmons",
        "BON",
        212,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "Tom Hoefling",
        "O",
        114,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "Dario Hunter",
        "O",
        27,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "Kasey Wells",
        "I",
        16,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "R. President Boddie",
        "I",
        3,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "2024": [
      [
        "Donald J. Trump",
        "R",
        3180116,
        55.14
      ],
      [
        "Kamala D. Harris",
        "D",
        2533699,
        43.93
      ],
      [
        "Chase Oliver",
        "L",
        28200,
        0.49
      ],
      [
        "Richard Duncan",
        "O",
        12805,
        0.22
      ],
      [
        "Peter Sonski",
        "O",
        10197,
        0.18
      ],
      [
        "Claudia De La Cruz And Karina Garcia",
        "O",
        1794,
        0.03
      ],
      [
        "Cornel West And Melina Abdullah",
        "O",
        852,
        0.01
      ],
      [
        "Shiva Ayyadurai And Crystal Ellis",
        "O",
        74,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "John Cheng And Wayne Waligorski",
        "O",
        24,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "Chris Garrity And Cody Ballard",
        "O",
        13,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "Jay Bowman And De D Bowman",
        "O",
        7,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "Brian Kienitz And Christina Johnston",
        "O",
        4,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "William Nalbach And Willis Butts",
        "O",
        3,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "Cherunda Fox And Harlan McVay",
        "O",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ]
  },
  "research_ref": [
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/statewide/ohio_statewide_president_1804-1972.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/statewide/ohio_statewide_president_1976-2024.csv"
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-17",
      "date": null,
      "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
      "title": "U.S. President 1976-2024",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/42MVDX"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": null,
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "Ohio's per-year presidential-election infobox data, 1804-1972 (Wikipedia {{Infobox election}} templates)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio,_by_year"
    }
  ],
  "sources_by_year": {
    "1804": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": null,
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