{
  "county": "Ross",
  "id": "ross",
  "notes": "All 44 presidential elections 1852-2024 present. Turnout 1996-2024 per the ruling's storage section (county-level turnout before 1996 is confirmed absent from the OH SOS portal per A/sources/CITATIONS.md; not this task's scope to invent from elsewhere).",
  "president": {
    "1852": [
      [
        "Winfield Scott",
        "W",
        3091,
        53.9
      ],
      [
        "Franklin Pierce",
        "D",
        2465,
        42.98
      ],
      [
        "John P. Hale",
        "FS",
        179,
        3.12
      ]
    ],
    "1856": [
      [
        "James Buchanan",
        "D",
        2681,
        46.99
      ],
      [
        "John C. Frémont",
        "R",
        2436,
        42.69
      ],
      [
        "Millard Fillmore",
        "AM",
        589,
        10.32
      ]
    ],
    "1860": [
      [
        "Abraham Lincoln",
        "R",
        3043,
        47.35
      ],
      [
        "Stephen A. Douglas",
        "D",
        2806,
        43.67
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        577,
        8.98
      ]
    ],
    "1864": [
      [
        "Abraham Lincoln",
        "NU",
        3380,
        51.34
      ],
      [
        "George B. McClellan",
        "D",
        3204,
        48.66
      ]
    ],
    "1868": [
      [
        "Horatio Seymour",
        "D",
        3645,
        53.02
      ],
      [
        "Ulysses S. Grant",
        "R",
        3230,
        46.98
      ]
    ],
    "1872": [
      [
        "Horace Greeley",
        "LR",
        3711,
        50.38
      ],
      [
        "Ulysses S. Grant",
        "R",
        3650,
        49.55
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        5,
        0.07
      ]
    ],
    "1876": [
      [
        "Samuel J. Tilden",
        "D",
        4431,
        51.36
      ],
      [
        "Rutherford B. Hayes",
        "R",
        4177,
        48.42
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        19,
        0.22
      ]
    ],
    "1880": [
      [
        "James A. Garfield",
        "R",
        4734,
        50.81
      ],
      [
        "Winfield Scott Hancock",
        "D",
        4551,
        48.85
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        32,
        0.34
      ]
    ],
    "1884": [
      [
        "James G. Blaine",
        "R",
        4830,
        50.3
      ],
      [
        "Grover Cleveland",
        "D",
        4723,
        49.18
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        50,
        0.52
      ]
    ],
    "1888": [
      [
        "Benjamin Harrison",
        "R",
        4942,
        50.7
      ],
      [
        "Grover Cleveland",
        "D",
        4584,
        47.03
      ],
      [
        "Fisk",
        "",
        217,
        2.23
      ],
      [
        "Streeter",
        "",
        4,
        0.04
      ]
    ],
    "1892": [
      [
        "Benjamin Harrison",
        "R",
        4632,
        49.19
      ],
      [
        "Grover Cleveland",
        "D",
        4489,
        47.67
      ],
      [
        "Bidwell",
        "",
        259,
        2.75
      ],
      [
        "Weaver",
        "",
        37,
        0.39
      ]
    ],
    "1896": [
      [
        "William McKinley",
        "R",
        5562,
        52.32
      ],
      [
        "William Jennings Bryan",
        "D",
        4967,
        46.73
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        101,
        0.95
      ]
    ],
    "1900": [
      [
        "William McKinley",
        "R",
        5463,
        51.61
      ],
      [
        "William Jennings Bryan",
        "D",
        5035,
        47.56
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        88,
        0.83
      ]
    ],
    "1904": [
      [
        "Theodore Roosevelt",
        "R",
        5472,
        54.6
      ],
      [
        "Alton B. Parker",
        "D",
        4387,
        43.77
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        109,
        1.09
      ],
      [
        "Debs",
        "",
        54,
        0.54
      ]
    ],
    "1908": [
      [
        "William Howard Taft",
        "R",
        5432,
        49.69
      ],
      [
        "William Jennings Bryan",
        "D",
        5325,
        48.71
      ],
      [
        "Debs",
        "",
        89,
        0.81
      ],
      [
        "Chafin",
        "",
        75,
        0.69
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        10,
        0.09
      ]
    ],
    "1912": [
      [
        "Woodrow Wilson",
        "D",
        4494,
        45.89
      ],
      [
        "William Howard Taft",
        "R",
        3600,
        36.76
      ],
      [
        "Roosevelt",
        "",
        1096,
        11.19
      ],
      [
        "Debs",
        "",
        464,
        4.74
      ],
      [
        "Chafin",
        "",
        122,
        1.25
      ],
      [
        "Reimer",
        "",
        16,
        0.16
      ]
    ],
    "1916": [
      [
        "Woodrow Wilson",
        "D",
        5154,
        50.68
      ],
      [
        "Charles Evans Hughes",
        "R",
        4857,
        47.76
      ],
      [
        "Benson",
        "",
        109,
        1.07
      ],
      [
        "Hanly",
        "",
        50,
        0.49
      ]
    ],
    "1920": [
      [
        "Warren G. Harding",
        "R",
        9330,
        56.46
      ],
      [
        "James M. Cox",
        "D",
        7063,
        42.74
      ],
      [
        "Debs",
        "",
        128,
        0.77
      ],
      [
        "Macauley",
        "",
        5,
        0.03
      ]
    ],
    "1924": [
      [
        "Calvin Coolidge",
        "R",
        8431,
        53.86
      ],
      [
        "John W. Davis",
        "D",
        6028,
        38.51
      ],
      [
        "Robert M. La Follette",
        "PR",
        1178,
        7.53
      ],
      [
        "Johns",
        "",
        12,
        0.08
      ],
      [
        "Wallace",
        "",
        4,
        0.03
      ]
    ],
    "1928": [
      [
        "Herbert Hoover",
        "R",
        11179,
        64.59
      ],
      [
        "Al Smith",
        "D",
        6062,
        35.02
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        36,
        0.21
      ],
      [
        "Thomas",
        "",
        31,
        0.18
      ]
    ],
    "1932": [
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        10542,
        52.12
      ],
      [
        "Herbert Hoover",
        "R",
        9575,
        47.34
      ],
      [
        "Thomas",
        "",
        71,
        0.35
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        39,
        0.19
      ]
    ],
    "1936": [
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        12503,
        55.71
      ],
      [
        "Alf Landon",
        "R",
        9817,
        43.75
      ],
      [
        "Lemke",
        "",
        95,
        0.42
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        26,
        0.12
      ]
    ],
    "1940": [
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        12447,
        51.38
      ],
      [
        "Wendell Willkie",
        "R",
        11780,
        48.62
      ]
    ],
    "1944": [
      [
        "Thomas E. Dewey",
        "R",
        11424,
        53.5
      ],
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        9928,
        46.5
      ]
    ],
    "1948": [
      [
        "Thomas E. Dewey",
        "R",
        10398,
        52.08
      ],
      [
        "Harry S. Truman",
        "D",
        9524,
        47.71
      ],
      [
        "Wallace",
        "",
        42,
        0.21
      ]
    ],
    "1952": [
      [
        "Dwight D. Eisenhower",
        "R",
        13431,
        61.01
      ],
      [
        "Adlai Stevenson",
        "D",
        8585,
        38.99
      ]
    ],
    "1956": [
      [
        "Dwight D. Eisenhower",
        "R",
        13036,
        63.73
      ],
      [
        "Adlai E. Stevenson",
        "D",
        7418,
        36.27
      ]
    ],
    "1960": [
      [
        "Richard Nixon",
        "R",
        14075,
        60.9
      ],
      [
        "John F. Kennedy",
        "D",
        9036,
        39.1
      ]
    ],
    "1964": [
      [
        "Lyndon B. Johnson",
        "D",
        12704,
        56.9
      ],
      [
        "Barry Goldwater",
        "R",
        9623,
        43.1
      ]
    ],
    "1968": [
      [
        "Richard Nixon",
        "R",
        11284,
        50.72
      ],
      [
        "Hubert Humphrey",
        "D",
        6873,
        30.9
      ],
      [
        "George Wallace",
        "AIP",
        4087,
        18.37
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        2,
        0.01
      ]
    ],
    "1972": [
      [
        "Richard Nixon",
        "R",
        15573,
        71.15
      ],
      [
        "George McGovern",
        "D",
        5879,
        26.86
      ],
      [
        "Schmitz",
        "",
        346,
        1.58
      ],
      [
        "Hall",
        "",
        48,
        0.22
      ],
      [
        "Fisher",
        "",
        42,
        0.19
      ]
    ],
    "1976": [
      [
        "Gerald Ford",
        "R",
        11477,
        50.45
      ],
      [
        "Jimmy Carter",
        "D",
        10743,
        47.22
      ],
      [
        "Eugene \"Gene\" McCarthy",
        "I",
        248,
        1.09
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        148,
        0.65
      ],
      [
        "Lester Maddox",
        "AIP",
        77,
        0.34
      ]
    ],
    "1980": [
      [
        "Ronald Reagan",
        "R",
        13251,
        55.54
      ],
      [
        "Jimmy Carter",
        "D",
        9355,
        39.21
      ],
      [
        "John B. Anderson",
        "I",
        812,
        3.4
      ],
      [
        "Edward \"Ed\" Clark",
        "L",
        293,
        1.23
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        148,
        0.62
      ]
    ],
    "1984": [
      [
        "Ronald Reagan",
        "R",
        17015,
        66.6
      ],
      [
        "Walter F. Mondale",
        "D",
        8020,
        31.39
      ],
      [
        "Dennis L. Serrette",
        "ALN",
        257,
        1.01
      ],
      [
        "Lyndon H. LaRouche Jr.",
        "I",
        57,
        0.22
      ],
      [
        "Gavrielle Holmes",
        "WW",
        51,
        0.2
      ],
      [
        "Edward Winn",
        "WL",
        42,
        0.16
      ],
      [
        "David Bergland",
        "L",
        40,
        0.16
      ],
      [
        "Gus Hall",
        "CPUSA",
        38,
        0.15
      ],
      [
        "Melvin T. Mason",
        "SW",
        28,
        0.11
      ],
      [
        "Earl F. Dodge",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "LarryHarmon",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "HenryKing",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "1988": [
      [
        "George H.W. Bush",
        "R",
        14563,
        60.39
      ],
      [
        "Michael Dukakis",
        "D",
        9271,
        38.45
      ],
      [
        "Lenora Fulani",
        "NA",
        89,
        0.37
      ],
      [
        "LaRouche",
        "",
        78,
        0.32
      ],
      [
        "Ronald \"Ron\" Paul",
        "L",
        72,
        0.3
      ],
      [
        "Edward Winn",
        "WL",
        40,
        0.17
      ],
      [
        "Holmes",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "King",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "Wobser",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "1992": [
      [
        "GeorgeBush",
        "R",
        10825,
        39.84
      ],
      [
        "BillClinton",
        "D",
        10452,
        38.46
      ],
      [
        "H. RossPerot",
        "I",
        5616,
        20.67
      ],
      [
        "Lenora B.Fulani",
        "",
        95,
        0.35
      ],
      [
        "BoGritz",
        "",
        78,
        0.29
      ],
      [
        "JohnHagelin",
        "",
        40,
        0.15
      ],
      [
        "LyndonLaRouche Jr.",
        "",
        34,
        0.13
      ],
      [
        "AndreMarrou",
        "",
        33,
        0.12
      ],
      [
        "Henry King",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "James A.Warren",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "1996": [
      [
        "Bill Clinton",
        "D",
        12649,
        49.03
      ],
      [
        "Bob Dole",
        "R",
        10286,
        39.87
      ],
      [
        "Ross Perot",
        "RFM",
        2648,
        10.26
      ],
      [
        "Harry Browne",
        "L",
        85,
        0.33
      ],
      [
        "Monica Moorehead",
        "WW",
        47,
        0.18
      ],
      [
        "John Hagelin",
        "NL",
        38,
        0.15
      ],
      [
        "Howard Phillips",
        "UST",
        33,
        0.13
      ],
      [
        "Ralph Nader",
        "G",
        11,
        0.04
      ],
      [
        "DanBurkhardt",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "Mark Snyder",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "2000": [
      [
        "George W. Bush",
        "R",
        13706,
        52.68
      ],
      [
        "Al Gore",
        "D",
        11662,
        44.83
      ],
      [
        "Ralph Nader",
        "G",
        421,
        1.62
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        227,
        0.87
      ]
    ],
    "2004": [
      [
        "George W. Bush",
        "R",
        17229,
        54.4
      ],
      [
        "John Kerry",
        "D",
        13977,
        44.13
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        463,
        1.46
      ]
    ],
    "2008": [
      [
        "John McCain",
        "R",
        16759,
        52.64
      ],
      [
        "Barack Obama",
        "D",
        14455,
        45.4
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        626,
        1.97
      ]
    ],
    "2012": [
      [
        "Mitt Romney",
        "R",
        15008,
        49.89
      ],
      [
        "Barack Obama",
        "D",
        14569,
        48.43
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        506,
        1.68
      ]
    ],
    "2016": [
      [
        "Donald Trump",
        "R",
        18652,
        61.4
      ],
      [
        "Hillary Clinton",
        "D",
        10356,
        34.09
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        1372,
        4.52
      ]
    ],
    "2020": [
      [
        "Donald J Trump",
        "R",
        22278,
        66.9
      ],
      [
        "Joseph R Biden Jr.",
        "D",
        10557,
        31.7
      ],
      [
        "Jo Jorgensen",
        "L",
        345,
        1.04
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        119,
        0.36
      ]
    ],
    "2024": [
      [
        "Donald J Trump",
        "R",
        22801,
        69.24
      ],
      [
        "Kamala D Harris",
        "D",
        9846,
        29.9
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        152,
        0.46
      ],
      [
        "Chase Oliver",
        "L",
        133,
        0.4
      ]
    ]
  },
  "research_ref": [
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1852_wikipedia/1852_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1856_wikipedia/1856_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1860_wikipedia/1860_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1864_wikipedia/1864_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1868_wikipedia/1868_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1872_wikipedia/1872_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1876_wikipedia/1876_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1880_wikipedia/1880_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1884_wikipedia/1884_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1888_wikipedia/1888_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1892_wikipedia/1892_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1896_wikipedia/1896_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1900_wikipedia/1900_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1904_wikipedia/1904_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1908_wikipedia/1908_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1912_wikipedia/1912_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1916_wikipedia/1916_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1920_wikipedia/1920_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1924_wikipedia/1924_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1928_wikipedia/1928_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1932_wikipedia/1932_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1936_wikipedia/1936_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1940_wikipedia/1940_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1944_wikipedia/1944_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1948_wikipedia/1948_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1952_wikipedia/1952_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1956_wikipedia/1956_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1960_wikipedia/1960_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1964_wikipedia/1964_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1968_wikipedia/1968_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1972_wikipedia/1972_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1976_wikipedia/1976_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1980_wikipedia/1980_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1984_ohiosos/oh_1984_general_president_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1988_ohiosos/oh_1988_general_president_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1992_ohiosos/oh_1992_general_president_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1996_ohiosos/oh_1996_general_president_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/ohio_county_president_2000-2024.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_1996_general_turnout_by_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2000_general_turnout_by_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2004_general_turnout_by_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2008_general_turnout.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2012_general_statewide_results_county_turnout.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2016_general_turnout_by_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2020_general_turnout_by_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2024_general_turnout_by_county.xlsx"
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1852-11-02",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1852 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1856-11-04",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1856 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1860-11-06",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1860 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1864-11-08",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1864 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1868-11-03",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1868 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1872-11-05",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1872 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1876-11-07",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1876 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1880-11-02",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1880 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1884-11-04",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1884 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1888-11-06",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1888 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1892-11-08",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1892 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1896-11-03",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1896 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1900-11-06",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1900 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1904-11-08",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1904 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1908-11-03",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1908 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1912-11-05",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1912 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1916-11-07",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1916 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1920-11-02",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1920 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1924-11-04",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1924 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1928-11-06",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1928 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1932-11-08",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1932 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1936-11-03",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1936 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1940-11-05",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1940 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1944-11-07",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1944 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1948-11-02",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1948 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1952-11-04",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1952 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1956-11-06",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1956 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1960-11-08",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1960 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1964-11-03",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1964 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1968-11-05",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1968 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1972-11-07",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1972 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1976-11-02",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1976 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1980-11-04",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1980 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-17",
      "date": "1984-11-06",
      "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
      "title": "oh_1984_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
      "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-17",
      "date": "1988-11-08",
      "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
      "title": "oh_1988_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
      "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-17",
      "date": "1992-11-03",
      "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
      "title": "oh_1992_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
      "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-17",
      "date": "1996-11-05",
      "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
      "title": "oh_1996_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
      "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-17",
      "date": "2000-11-07",
      "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
      "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
    }
  ],
  "sources_by_year": {
    "1852": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1852-11-02",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1852 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1856": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1856-11-04",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1856 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1860": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1860-11-06",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1860 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1864": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1864-11-08",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1864 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1868": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1868-11-03",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1868 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1872": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1872-11-05",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1872 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1876": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1876-11-07",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1876 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1880": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1880-11-02",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1880 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1884": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1884-11-04",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1884 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1888": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1888-11-06",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1888 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1892": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1892-11-08",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1892 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1896": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1896-11-03",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1896 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1900": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1900-11-06",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1900 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1904": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1904-11-08",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1904 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1908": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1908-11-03",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1908 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1912": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1912-11-05",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1912 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1916": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1916-11-07",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1916 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1920": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1920-11-02",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1920 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1924": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1924-11-04",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1924 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1928": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1928-11-06",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1928 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1932": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1932-11-08",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1932 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1936": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1936-11-03",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1936 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1940": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1940-11-05",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1940 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1944": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1944-11-07",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1944 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1948": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1948-11-02",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1948 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1952": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1952-11-04",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1952 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1956": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1956-11-06",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1956 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1960": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1960-11-08",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1960 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1964": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1964-11-03",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1964 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1968": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1968-11-05",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1968 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1972": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1972-11-07",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1972 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1976": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1976-11-02",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1976 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1980": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1980-11-04",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1980 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1984": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "1984-11-06",
        "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
        "title": "oh_1984_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
        "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
      }
    ],
    "1988": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "1988-11-08",
        "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
        "title": "oh_1988_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
        "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
      }
    ],
    "1992": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "1992-11-03",
        "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
        "title": "oh_1992_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
        "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
      }
    ],
    "1996": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "1996-11-05",
        "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
        "title": "oh_1996_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
        "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
      }
    ],
    "2000": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2000-11-07",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2004": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2004-11-02",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2008": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2008-11-04",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2012": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2012-11-06",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2016": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2016-11-08",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2020": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2020-11-03",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2024": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2024-11-05",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ]
  },
  "turnout": {
    "1996": {
      "ballots": 26290,
      "pct": 69.27,
      "registered": 37953
    },
    "2000": {
      "ballots": 26348,
      "pct": 66.87,
      "registered": 39400
    },
    "2004": {
      "ballots": 31979,
      "pct": 73.58,
      "registered": 43463
    },
    "2008": {
      "ballots": 32426,
      "pct": 73.15,
      "registered": 44330
    },
    "2012": {
      "ballots": 30474,
      "pct": 65.19,
      "registered": 46750
    },
    "2016": {
      "ballots": 30935,
      "pct": 70.3,
      "registered": 44003
    },
    "2020": {
      "ballots": 33558,
      "pct": 72.89,
      "registered": 46037
    },
    "2024": {
      "ballots": 33296,
      "pct": 71.78,
      "registered": 46386
    }
  },
  "updated": "2026-09-19",
  "type": "county_results",
  "county_slug": "ross",
  "attribution": "Data from Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "attribution_license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
  "attribution_urls": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
  ],
  "attribution_years": [
    "1852",
    "1856",
    "1860",
    "1864",
    "1868",
    "1872",
    "1876",
    "1880",
    "1884",
    "1888",
    "1892",
    "1896",
    "1900",
    "1904",
    "1908",
    "1912",
    "1916",
    "1920",
    "1924",
    "1928",
    "1932",
    "1936",
    "1940",
    "1944",
    "1948",
    "1952",
    "1956",
    "1960",
    "1964",
    "1968",
    "1972",
    "1976",
    "1980"
  ],
  "_meta": {
    "generated": "2026-09-22",
    "license": "CC BY 4.0 for the compilation; each source keeps its own terms",
    "cite": "Cracked Buckeye (Open Shower Co), \"Ross County: presidential results and turnout\", https://crackedbuckeye.com/county/ross/, built 2026-09-22, accessed [date].",
    "schema": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/politics/schema.json",
    "url": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/county/ross/",
    "api": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/politics/results/county/ross.json"
  },
  "cite": "Cracked Buckeye (Open Shower Co), \"Ross County: presidential results and turnout\", https://crackedbuckeye.com/county/ross/, built 2026-09-22, accessed [date].",
  "url": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/county/ross/",
  "api": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/politics/results/county/ross.json",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0 for the compilation; each source keeps its own terms",
  "generated": "2026-09-22",
  "schema": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/politics/schema.json"
}