{
  "county": "Marion",
  "id": "marion",
  "notes": "All 44 presidential elections 1852-2024 present. Turnout 1996-2024 per the ruling's storage section (county-level turnout before 1996 is confirmed absent from the OH SOS portal per A/sources/CITATIONS.md; not this task's scope to invent from elsewhere).",
  "president": {
    "1852": [
      [
        "Franklin Pierce",
        "D",
        1270,
        56.12
      ],
      [
        "Winfield Scott",
        "W",
        914,
        40.39
      ],
      [
        "John P. Hale",
        "FS",
        79,
        3.49
      ]
    ],
    "1856": [
      [
        "John C. Frémont",
        "R",
        1367,
        51.66
      ],
      [
        "James Buchanan",
        "D",
        1275,
        48.19
      ],
      [
        "Millard Fillmore",
        "AM",
        4,
        0.15
      ]
    ],
    "1860": [
      [
        "Stephen A. Douglas",
        "D",
        1640,
        50.42
      ],
      [
        "Abraham Lincoln",
        "R",
        1595,
        49.03
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        18,
        0.55
      ]
    ],
    "1864": [
      [
        "George B. McClellan",
        "D",
        1720,
        53.09
      ],
      [
        "Abraham Lincoln",
        "NU",
        1520,
        46.91
      ]
    ],
    "1868": [
      [
        "Horatio Seymour",
        "D",
        1936,
        55.57
      ],
      [
        "Ulysses S. Grant",
        "R",
        1548,
        44.43
      ]
    ],
    "1872": [
      [
        "Horace Greeley",
        "LR",
        1842,
        56.94
      ],
      [
        "Ulysses S. Grant",
        "R",
        1340,
        41.42
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        53,
        1.64
      ]
    ],
    "1876": [
      [
        "Samuel J. Tilden",
        "D",
        2603,
        57.31
      ],
      [
        "Rutherford B. Hayes",
        "R",
        1918,
        42.23
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        21,
        0.46
      ]
    ],
    "1880": [
      [
        "Winfield Scott Hancock",
        "D",
        2932,
        56.79
      ],
      [
        "James A. Garfield",
        "R",
        2192,
        42.46
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        39,
        0.76
      ]
    ],
    "1884": [
      [
        "Grover Cleveland",
        "D",
        3118,
        55.12
      ],
      [
        "James G. Blaine",
        "R",
        2439,
        43.11
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        100,
        1.77
      ]
    ],
    "1888": [
      [
        "Grover Cleveland",
        "D",
        3297,
        54.12
      ],
      [
        "Benjamin Harrison",
        "R",
        2521,
        41.38
      ],
      [
        "Fisk",
        "",
        274,
        4.5
      ],
      [
        "Streeter",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "1892": [
      [
        "Grover Cleveland",
        "D",
        3282,
        54.18
      ],
      [
        "Benjamin Harrison",
        "R",
        2477,
        40.89
      ],
      [
        "Bidwell",
        "",
        257,
        4.24
      ],
      [
        "Weaver",
        "",
        42,
        0.69
      ]
    ],
    "1896": [
      [
        "William Jennings Bryan",
        "D",
        4016,
        53.21
      ],
      [
        "William McKinley",
        "R",
        3426,
        45.4
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        105,
        1.39
      ]
    ],
    "1900": [
      [
        "William Jennings Bryan",
        "D",
        4141,
        51.66
      ],
      [
        "William McKinley",
        "R",
        3770,
        47.03
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        105,
        1.31
      ]
    ],
    "1904": [
      [
        "Theodore Roosevelt",
        "R",
        4473,
        53.82
      ],
      [
        "Alton B. Parker",
        "D",
        3581,
        43.09
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        198,
        2.38
      ],
      [
        "Debs",
        "",
        59,
        0.71
      ]
    ],
    "1908": [
      [
        "William Jennings Bryan",
        "D",
        4657,
        51.44
      ],
      [
        "William Howard Taft",
        "R",
        4175,
        46.12
      ],
      [
        "Chafin",
        "",
        116,
        1.28
      ],
      [
        "Debs",
        "",
        99,
        1.09
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        6,
        0.07
      ]
    ],
    "1912": [
      [
        "Woodrow Wilson",
        "D",
        4024,
        45.07
      ],
      [
        "William Howard Taft",
        "R",
        3218,
        36.04
      ],
      [
        "Roosevelt",
        "",
        934,
        10.46
      ],
      [
        "Debs",
        "",
        639,
        7.16
      ],
      [
        "Chafin",
        "",
        98,
        1.1
      ],
      [
        "Reimer",
        "",
        15,
        0.17
      ]
    ],
    "1916": [
      [
        "Woodrow Wilson",
        "D",
        5273,
        53.53
      ],
      [
        "Charles Evans Hughes",
        "R",
        4264,
        43.29
      ],
      [
        "Benson",
        "",
        264,
        2.68
      ],
      [
        "Hanly",
        "",
        49,
        0.5
      ]
    ],
    "1920": [
      [
        "Warren G. Harding",
        "R",
        11320,
        57.93
      ],
      [
        "James M. Cox",
        "D",
        8065,
        41.27
      ],
      [
        "Debs",
        "",
        144,
        0.74
      ],
      [
        "Macauley",
        "",
        12,
        0.06
      ]
    ],
    "1924": [
      [
        "Calvin Coolidge",
        "R",
        9161,
        54.2
      ],
      [
        "John W. Davis",
        "D",
        5234,
        30.97
      ],
      [
        "Robert M. La Follette",
        "PR",
        2475,
        14.64
      ],
      [
        "Johns",
        "",
        23,
        0.14
      ],
      [
        "Wallace",
        "",
        8,
        0.05
      ]
    ],
    "1928": [
      [
        "Herbert Hoover",
        "R",
        13398,
        70.29
      ],
      [
        "Al Smith",
        "D",
        5468,
        28.69
      ],
      [
        "Thomas",
        "",
        145,
        0.76
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        49,
        0.26
      ]
    ],
    "1932": [
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        10354,
        53.29
      ],
      [
        "Herbert Hoover",
        "R",
        8569,
        44.1
      ],
      [
        "Thomas",
        "",
        335,
        1.72
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        171,
        0.88
      ]
    ],
    "1936": [
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        11881,
        55.45
      ],
      [
        "Alf Landon",
        "R",
        9070,
        42.33
      ],
      [
        "Lemke",
        "",
        459,
        2.14
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        17,
        0.08
      ]
    ],
    "1940": [
      [
        "Wendell Willkie",
        "R",
        11817,
        53.04
      ],
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        10462,
        46.96
      ]
    ],
    "1944": [
      [
        "Thomas E. Dewey",
        "R",
        11925,
        57.61
      ],
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        8775,
        42.39
      ]
    ],
    "1948": [
      [
        "Thomas E. Dewey",
        "R",
        10333,
        55.54
      ],
      [
        "Harry S. Truman",
        "D",
        8223,
        44.2
      ],
      [
        "Wallace",
        "",
        50,
        0.27
      ]
    ],
    "1952": [
      [
        "Dwight D. Eisenhower",
        "R",
        14583,
        62.23
      ],
      [
        "Adlai Stevenson",
        "D",
        8851,
        37.77
      ]
    ],
    "1956": [
      [
        "Dwight D. Eisenhower",
        "R",
        15125,
        67.07
      ],
      [
        "Adlai E. Stevenson",
        "D",
        7425,
        32.93
      ]
    ],
    "1960": [
      [
        "Richard Nixon",
        "R",
        15210,
        61.31
      ],
      [
        "John F. Kennedy",
        "D",
        9598,
        38.69
      ]
    ],
    "1964": [
      [
        "Lyndon B. Johnson",
        "D",
        14400,
        58.9
      ],
      [
        "Barry Goldwater",
        "R",
        10050,
        41.1
      ]
    ],
    "1968": [
      [
        "Richard Nixon",
        "R",
        12887,
        53.1
      ],
      [
        "Hubert Humphrey",
        "D",
        8611,
        35.48
      ],
      [
        "George Wallace",
        "AIP",
        2772,
        11.42
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        1,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "1972": [
      [
        "Richard Nixon",
        "R",
        17197,
        67.02
      ],
      [
        "George McGovern",
        "D",
        7970,
        31.06
      ],
      [
        "Schmitz",
        "",
        449,
        1.75
      ],
      [
        "Fisher",
        "",
        23,
        0.09
      ],
      [
        "Hall",
        "",
        12,
        0.05
      ]
    ],
    "1976": [
      [
        "Gerald Ford",
        "R",
        13141,
        53.38
      ],
      [
        "Jimmy Carter",
        "D",
        10962,
        44.52
      ],
      [
        "Eugene \"Gene\" McCarthy",
        "I",
        330,
        1.34
      ],
      [
        "Lester Maddox",
        "AIP",
        84,
        0.34
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        66,
        0.27
      ]
    ],
    "1980": [
      [
        "Ronald Reagan",
        "R",
        14605,
        56.98
      ],
      [
        "Jimmy Carter",
        "D",
        9419,
        36.75
      ],
      [
        "John B. Anderson",
        "I",
        1255,
        4.9
      ],
      [
        "Edward \"Ed\" Clark",
        "L",
        294,
        1.15
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        58,
        0.23
      ]
    ],
    "1984": [
      [
        "Ronald Reagan",
        "R",
        17392,
        65.77
      ],
      [
        "Walter F. Mondale",
        "D",
        8827,
        33.38
      ],
      [
        "Lyndon H. LaRouche Jr.",
        "I",
        86,
        0.33
      ],
      [
        "Dennis L. Serrette",
        "ALN",
        31,
        0.12
      ],
      [
        "David Bergland",
        "L",
        30,
        0.11
      ],
      [
        "Melvin T. Mason",
        "SW",
        25,
        0.09
      ],
      [
        "Gus Hall",
        "CPUSA",
        22,
        0.08
      ],
      [
        "Edward Winn",
        "WL",
        17,
        0.06
      ],
      [
        "Gavrielle Holmes",
        "WW",
        10,
        0.04
      ],
      [
        "LarryHarmon",
        "",
        3,
        0.01
      ],
      [
        "Earl F. Dodge",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "HenryKing",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "1988": [
      [
        "George H.W. Bush",
        "R",
        14864,
        60.13
      ],
      [
        "Michael Dukakis",
        "D",
        9596,
        38.82
      ],
      [
        "Lenora Fulani",
        "NA",
        95,
        0.38
      ],
      [
        "LaRouche",
        "",
        66,
        0.27
      ],
      [
        "Ronald \"Ron\" Paul",
        "L",
        59,
        0.24
      ],
      [
        "Edward Winn",
        "WL",
        38,
        0.15
      ],
      [
        "Holmes",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "King",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "Wobser",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "1992": [
      [
        "GeorgeBush",
        "R",
        11675,
        42.13
      ],
      [
        "BillClinton",
        "D",
        9444,
        34.08
      ],
      [
        "H. RossPerot",
        "I",
        6471,
        23.35
      ],
      [
        "Lenora B.Fulani",
        "",
        36,
        0.13
      ],
      [
        "AndreMarrou",
        "",
        33,
        0.12
      ],
      [
        "LyndonLaRouche Jr.",
        "",
        22,
        0.08
      ],
      [
        "BoGritz",
        "",
        19,
        0.07
      ],
      [
        "JohnHagelin",
        "",
        15,
        0.05
      ],
      [
        "Henry King",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "James A.Warren",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "1996": [
      [
        "Bob Dole",
        "R",
        11112,
        45.04
      ],
      [
        "Bill Clinton",
        "D",
        10482,
        42.48
      ],
      [
        "Ross Perot",
        "RFM",
        2897,
        11.74
      ],
      [
        "Monica Moorehead",
        "WW",
        71,
        0.29
      ],
      [
        "Harry Browne",
        "L",
        46,
        0.19
      ],
      [
        "John Hagelin",
        "NL",
        37,
        0.15
      ],
      [
        "Howard Phillips",
        "UST",
        25,
        0.1
      ],
      [
        "Ralph Nader",
        "G",
        4,
        0.02
      ],
      [
        "DanBurkhardt",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "Mark Snyder",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "2000": [
      [
        "George W. Bush",
        "R",
        13617,
        54.87
      ],
      [
        "Al Gore",
        "D",
        10370,
        41.79
      ],
      [
        "Ralph Nader",
        "G",
        588,
        2.37
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        240,
        0.97
      ]
    ],
    "2004": [
      [
        "George W. Bush",
        "R",
        17171,
        58.69
      ],
      [
        "John Kerry",
        "D",
        11930,
        40.78
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        157,
        0.54
      ]
    ],
    "2008": [
      [
        "John McCain",
        "R",
        15454,
        53.26
      ],
      [
        "Barack Obama",
        "D",
        12870,
        44.35
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        693,
        2.39
      ]
    ],
    "2012": [
      [
        "Mitt Romney",
        "R",
        14265,
        52.15
      ],
      [
        "Barack Obama",
        "D",
        12504,
        45.72
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        583,
        2.13
      ]
    ],
    "2016": [
      [
        "Donald Trump",
        "R",
        16961,
        64.44
      ],
      [
        "Hillary Clinton",
        "D",
        7928,
        30.12
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        1433,
        5.44
      ]
    ],
    "2020": [
      [
        "Donald J Trump",
        "R",
        19023,
        68.38
      ],
      [
        "Joseph R Biden Jr.",
        "D",
        8269,
        29.73
      ],
      [
        "Jo Jorgensen",
        "L",
        414,
        1.49
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        112,
        0.4
      ]
    ],
    "2024": [
      [
        "Donald J Trump",
        "R",
        19219,
        70.25
      ],
      [
        "Kamala D Harris",
        "D",
        7902,
        28.88
      ],
      [
        "Chase Oliver",
        "L",
        119,
        0.43
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        119,
        0.43
      ]
    ]
  },
  "research_ref": [
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1852_wikipedia/1852_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1856_wikipedia/1856_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1860_wikipedia/1860_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1864_wikipedia/1864_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1868_wikipedia/1868_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1872_wikipedia/1872_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1876_wikipedia/1876_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1880_wikipedia/1880_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1884_wikipedia/1884_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1888_wikipedia/1888_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1892_wikipedia/1892_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1896_wikipedia/1896_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1900_wikipedia/1900_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1904_wikipedia/1904_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1908_wikipedia/1908_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1912_wikipedia/1912_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1916_wikipedia/1916_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1920_wikipedia/1920_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1924_wikipedia/1924_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1928_wikipedia/1928_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1932_wikipedia/1932_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1936_wikipedia/1936_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1940_wikipedia/1940_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1944_wikipedia/1944_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1948_wikipedia/1948_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1952_wikipedia/1952_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1956_wikipedia/1956_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1960_wikipedia/1960_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1964_wikipedia/1964_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1968_wikipedia/1968_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1972_wikipedia/1972_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1976_wikipedia/1976_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1980_wikipedia/1980_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1984_ohiosos/oh_1984_general_president_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1988_ohiosos/oh_1988_general_president_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1992_ohiosos/oh_1992_general_president_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1996_ohiosos/oh_1996_general_president_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/ohio_county_president_2000-2024.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_1996_general_turnout_by_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2000_general_turnout_by_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2004_general_turnout_by_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2008_general_turnout.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2012_general_statewide_results_county_turnout.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2016_general_turnout_by_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2020_general_turnout_by_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2024_general_turnout_by_county.xlsx"
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1852-11-02",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1852 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1856-11-04",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1856 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1860-11-06",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1860 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1864-11-08",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1864 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1868-11-03",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1868 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1872-11-05",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1872 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1876-11-07",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1876 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1880-11-02",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1880 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1884-11-04",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1884 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1888-11-06",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1888 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1892-11-08",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1892 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1896-11-03",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1896 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1900-11-06",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1900 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1904-11-08",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1904 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1908-11-03",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1908 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1912-11-05",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1912 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1916-11-07",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1916 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1920-11-02",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1920 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1924-11-04",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1924 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1928-11-06",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1928 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1932-11-08",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1932 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1936-11-03",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1936 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1940-11-05",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1940 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1944-11-07",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1944 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1948-11-02",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1948 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1952-11-04",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1952 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1956-11-06",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1956 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1960-11-08",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1960 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1964-11-03",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1964 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1968-11-05",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1968 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1972-11-07",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1972 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1976-11-02",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1976 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1980-11-04",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1980 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-17",
      "date": "1984-11-06",
      "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
      "title": "oh_1984_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
      "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-17",
      "date": "1988-11-08",
      "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
      "title": "oh_1988_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
      "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-17",
      "date": "1992-11-03",
      "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
      "title": "oh_1992_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
      "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-17",
      "date": "1996-11-05",
      "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
      "title": "oh_1996_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
      "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-17",
      "date": "2000-11-07",
      "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
      "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
    }
  ],
  "sources_by_year": {
    "1852": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1852-11-02",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1852 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1856": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1856-11-04",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1856 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1860": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1860-11-06",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1860 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1864": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1864-11-08",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1864 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1868": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1868-11-03",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1868 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1872": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1872-11-05",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1872 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1876": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1876-11-07",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1876 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1880": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1880-11-02",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1880 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1884": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1884-11-04",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1884 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1888": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1888-11-06",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1888 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1892": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1892-11-08",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1892 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1896": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1896-11-03",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1896 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1900": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1900-11-06",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1900 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1904": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1904-11-08",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1904 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1908": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1908-11-03",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1908 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1912": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1912-11-05",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1912 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1916": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1916-11-07",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1916 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1920": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1920-11-02",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1920 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1924": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1924-11-04",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1924 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1928": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1928-11-06",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1928 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1932": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1932-11-08",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1932 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1936": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1936-11-03",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1936 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1940": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1940-11-05",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1940 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1944": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1944-11-07",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1944 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1948": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1948-11-02",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1948 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1952": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1952-11-04",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1952 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1956": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1956-11-06",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1956 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1960": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1960-11-08",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1960 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1964": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1964-11-03",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1964 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1968": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1968-11-05",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1968 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1972": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1972-11-07",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1972 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1976": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1976-11-02",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1976 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1980": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1980-11-04",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1980 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1984": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "1984-11-06",
        "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
        "title": "oh_1984_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
        "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
      }
    ],
    "1988": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "1988-11-08",
        "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
        "title": "oh_1988_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
        "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
      }
    ],
    "1992": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "1992-11-03",
        "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
        "title": "oh_1992_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
        "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
      }
    ],
    "1996": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "1996-11-05",
        "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
        "title": "oh_1996_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
        "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
      }
    ],
    "2000": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2000-11-07",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2004": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2004-11-02",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2008": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2008-11-04",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2012": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2012-11-06",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2016": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2016-11-08",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2020": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2020-11-03",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2024": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2024-11-05",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ]
  },
  "turnout": {
    "1996": {
      "ballots": 25211,
      "pct": 66.69,
      "registered": 37806
    },
    "2000": {
      "ballots": 25371,
      "pct": 60.71,
      "registered": 41788
    },
    "2004": {
      "ballots": 29656,
      "pct": 68.45,
      "registered": 43323
    },
    "2008": {
      "ballots": 29031,
      "pct": 69.75,
      "registered": 41619
    },
    "2012": {
      "ballots": 27622,
      "pct": 65.43,
      "registered": 42218
    },
    "2016": {
      "ballots": 26885,
      "pct": 68.01,
      "registered": 39530
    },
    "2020": {
      "ballots": 28151,
      "pct": 69.92,
      "registered": 40262
    },
    "2024": {
      "ballots": 27642,
      "pct": 69.84,
      "registered": 39577
    }
  },
  "updated": "2026-09-19",
  "type": "county_results",
  "county_slug": "marion",
  "attribution": "Data from Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "attribution_license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
  "attribution_urls": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
  ],
  "attribution_years": [
    "1852",
    "1856",
    "1860",
    "1864",
    "1868",
    "1872",
    "1876",
    "1880",
    "1884",
    "1888",
    "1892",
    "1896",
    "1900",
    "1904",
    "1908",
    "1912",
    "1916",
    "1920",
    "1924",
    "1928",
    "1932",
    "1936",
    "1940",
    "1944",
    "1948",
    "1952",
    "1956",
    "1960",
    "1964",
    "1968",
    "1972",
    "1976",
    "1980"
  ],
  "_meta": {
    "generated": "2026-09-22",
    "license": "CC BY 4.0 for the compilation; each source keeps its own terms",
    "cite": "Cracked Buckeye (Open Shower Co), \"Marion County: presidential results and turnout\", https://crackedbuckeye.com/county/marion/, built 2026-09-22, accessed [date].",
    "schema": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/politics/schema.json",
    "url": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/county/marion/",
    "api": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/politics/results/county/marion.json"
  },
  "cite": "Cracked Buckeye (Open Shower Co), \"Marion County: presidential results and turnout\", https://crackedbuckeye.com/county/marion/, built 2026-09-22, accessed [date].",
  "url": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/county/marion/",
  "api": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/politics/results/county/marion.json",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0 for the compilation; each source keeps its own terms",
  "generated": "2026-09-22",
  "schema": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/politics/schema.json"
}