{
  "county": "Columbiana",
  "id": "columbiana",
  "notes": "All 44 presidential elections 1852-2024 present. Turnout 1996-2024 per the ruling's storage section (county-level turnout before 1996 is confirmed absent from the OH SOS portal per A/sources/CITATIONS.md; not this task's scope to invent from elsewhere).",
  "president": {
    "1852": [
      [
        "Franklin Pierce",
        "D",
        2911,
        47.4
      ],
      [
        "Winfield Scott",
        "W",
        2237,
        36.43
      ],
      [
        "John P. Hale",
        "FS",
        993,
        16.17
      ]
    ],
    "1856": [
      [
        "John C. Frémont",
        "R",
        3516,
        57.55
      ],
      [
        "James Buchanan",
        "D",
        2497,
        40.87
      ],
      [
        "Millard Fillmore",
        "AM",
        96,
        1.57
      ]
    ],
    "1860": [
      [
        "Abraham Lincoln",
        "R",
        3864,
        60.37
      ],
      [
        "Stephen A. Douglas",
        "D",
        2130,
        33.28
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        407,
        6.36
      ]
    ],
    "1864": [
      [
        "Abraham Lincoln",
        "NU",
        4553,
        64.54
      ],
      [
        "George B. McClellan",
        "D",
        2501,
        35.46
      ]
    ],
    "1868": [
      [
        "Ulysses S. Grant",
        "R",
        4881,
        62.42
      ],
      [
        "Horatio Seymour",
        "D",
        2938,
        37.58
      ]
    ],
    "1872": [
      [
        "Ulysses S. Grant",
        "R",
        4773,
        61.78
      ],
      [
        "Horace Greeley",
        "LR",
        2897,
        37.5
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        56,
        0.72
      ]
    ],
    "1876": [
      [
        "Rutherford B. Hayes",
        "R",
        5417,
        55.87
      ],
      [
        "Samuel J. Tilden",
        "D",
        4000,
        41.25
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        279,
        2.88
      ]
    ],
    "1880": [
      [
        "James A. Garfield",
        "R",
        6545,
        58.45
      ],
      [
        "Winfield Scott Hancock",
        "D",
        4273,
        38.16
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        379,
        3.38
      ]
    ],
    "1884": [
      [
        "James G. Blaine",
        "R",
        6995,
        57.85
      ],
      [
        "Grover Cleveland",
        "D",
        4472,
        36.99
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        624,
        5.16
      ]
    ],
    "1888": [
      [
        "Benjamin Harrison",
        "R",
        7700,
        57.08
      ],
      [
        "Grover Cleveland",
        "D",
        5154,
        38.21
      ],
      [
        "Fisk",
        "",
        473,
        3.51
      ],
      [
        "Streeter",
        "",
        163,
        1.21
      ]
    ],
    "1892": [
      [
        "Benjamin Harrison",
        "R",
        7232,
        51.97
      ],
      [
        "Grover Cleveland",
        "D",
        5573,
        40.05
      ],
      [
        "Bidwell",
        "",
        751,
        5.4
      ],
      [
        "Weaver",
        "",
        360,
        2.59
      ]
    ],
    "1896": [
      [
        "William McKinley",
        "R",
        9487,
        57.8
      ],
      [
        "William Jennings Bryan",
        "D",
        6598,
        40.2
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        329,
        2.0
      ]
    ],
    "1900": [
      [
        "William McKinley",
        "R",
        10255,
        60.53
      ],
      [
        "William Jennings Bryan",
        "D",
        5997,
        35.4
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        690,
        4.07
      ]
    ],
    "1904": [
      [
        "Theodore Roosevelt",
        "R",
        11571,
        67.22
      ],
      [
        "Alton B. Parker",
        "D",
        4203,
        24.42
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        994,
        5.77
      ],
      [
        "Debs",
        "",
        445,
        2.59
      ]
    ],
    "1908": [
      [
        "William Howard Taft",
        "R",
        9626,
        53.26
      ],
      [
        "William Jennings Bryan",
        "D",
        6736,
        37.27
      ],
      [
        "Debs",
        "",
        948,
        5.25
      ],
      [
        "Chafin",
        "",
        742,
        4.11
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        20,
        0.11
      ]
    ],
    "1912": [
      [
        "Woodrow Wilson",
        "D",
        4816,
        29.93
      ],
      [
        "William Howard Taft",
        "R",
        4601,
        28.59
      ],
      [
        "Roosevelt",
        "",
        3811,
        23.68
      ],
      [
        "Debs",
        "",
        1916,
        11.91
      ],
      [
        "Chafin",
        "",
        915,
        5.69
      ],
      [
        "Reimer",
        "",
        32,
        0.2
      ]
    ],
    "1916": [
      [
        "Charles Evans Hughes",
        "R",
        8118,
        46.85
      ],
      [
        "Woodrow Wilson",
        "D",
        7788,
        44.95
      ],
      [
        "Benson",
        "",
        999,
        5.77
      ],
      [
        "Hanly",
        "",
        421,
        2.43
      ]
    ],
    "1920": [
      [
        "Warren G. Harding",
        "R",
        16846,
        60.11
      ],
      [
        "James M. Cox",
        "D",
        9774,
        34.88
      ],
      [
        "Debs",
        "",
        1128,
        4.03
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        249,
        0.89
      ],
      [
        "Macauley",
        "",
        26,
        0.09
      ]
    ],
    "1924": [
      [
        "Calvin Coolidge",
        "R",
        20483,
        69.97
      ],
      [
        "John W. Davis",
        "D",
        4685,
        16.01
      ],
      [
        "Robert M. La Follette",
        "PR",
        4036,
        13.79
      ],
      [
        "Johns",
        "",
        47,
        0.16
      ],
      [
        "Wallace",
        "",
        21,
        0.07
      ]
    ],
    "1928": [
      [
        "Herbert Hoover",
        "R",
        26405,
        77.3
      ],
      [
        "Al Smith",
        "D",
        7461,
        21.84
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        156,
        0.46
      ],
      [
        "Thomas",
        "",
        136,
        0.4
      ]
    ],
    "1932": [
      [
        "Herbert Hoover",
        "R",
        19707,
        55.62
      ],
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        14284,
        40.32
      ],
      [
        "Thomas",
        "",
        1098,
        3.1
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        341,
        0.96
      ]
    ],
    "1936": [
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        22664,
        56.38
      ],
      [
        "Alf Landon",
        "R",
        16986,
        42.26
      ],
      [
        "Lemke",
        "",
        495,
        1.23
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        53,
        0.13
      ]
    ],
    "1940": [
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        22349,
        51.29
      ],
      [
        "Wendell Willkie",
        "R",
        21221,
        48.71
      ]
    ],
    "1944": [
      [
        "Thomas E. Dewey",
        "R",
        19976,
        51.52
      ],
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        18796,
        48.48
      ]
    ],
    "1948": [
      [
        "Thomas E. Dewey",
        "R",
        17724,
        51.32
      ],
      [
        "Harry S. Truman",
        "D",
        16588,
        48.03
      ],
      [
        "Wallace",
        "",
        226,
        0.65
      ]
    ],
    "1952": [
      [
        "Dwight D. Eisenhower",
        "R",
        26707,
        58.36
      ],
      [
        "Adlai Stevenson",
        "D",
        19057,
        41.64
      ]
    ],
    "1956": [
      [
        "Dwight D. Eisenhower",
        "R",
        28783,
        66.47
      ],
      [
        "Adlai E. Stevenson",
        "D",
        14516,
        33.53
      ]
    ],
    "1960": [
      [
        "Richard Nixon",
        "R",
        28414,
        58.64
      ],
      [
        "John F. Kennedy",
        "D",
        20037,
        41.36
      ]
    ],
    "1964": [
      [
        "Lyndon B. Johnson",
        "D",
        28706,
        64.46
      ],
      [
        "Barry Goldwater",
        "R",
        15827,
        35.54
      ]
    ],
    "1968": [
      [
        "Richard Nixon",
        "R",
        19947,
        46.21
      ],
      [
        "Hubert Humphrey",
        "D",
        19382,
        44.9
      ],
      [
        "George Wallace",
        "AIP",
        3832,
        8.88
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        9,
        0.02
      ]
    ],
    "1972": [
      [
        "Richard Nixon",
        "R",
        27308,
        62.63
      ],
      [
        "George McGovern",
        "D",
        15683,
        35.97
      ],
      [
        "Schmitz",
        "",
        554,
        1.27
      ],
      [
        "Hall",
        "",
        24,
        0.06
      ],
      [
        "Fisher",
        "",
        23,
        0.05
      ]
    ],
    "1976": [
      [
        "Jimmy Carter",
        "D",
        23096,
        49.81
      ],
      [
        "Gerald Ford",
        "R",
        22318,
        48.13
      ],
      [
        "Eugene \"Gene\" McCarthy",
        "I",
        606,
        1.31
      ],
      [
        "Lester Maddox",
        "AIP",
        221,
        0.48
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        70,
        0.15
      ]
    ],
    "1980": [
      [
        "Ronald Reagan",
        "R",
        20798,
        50.55
      ],
      [
        "Jimmy Carter",
        "D",
        17459,
        42.43
      ],
      [
        "John B. Anderson",
        "I",
        2320,
        5.64
      ],
      [
        "Edward \"Ed\" Clark",
        "L",
        464,
        1.13
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        102,
        0.25
      ]
    ],
    "1984": [
      [
        "Ronald Reagan",
        "R",
        24552,
        54.43
      ],
      [
        "Walter F. Mondale",
        "D",
        20155,
        44.68
      ],
      [
        "Lyndon H. LaRouche Jr.",
        "I",
        190,
        0.42
      ],
      [
        "David Bergland",
        "L",
        45,
        0.1
      ],
      [
        "Dennis L. Serrette",
        "ALN",
        45,
        0.1
      ],
      [
        "Edward Winn",
        "WL",
        43,
        0.1
      ],
      [
        "Melvin T. Mason",
        "SW",
        36,
        0.08
      ],
      [
        "Gus Hall",
        "CPUSA",
        25,
        0.06
      ],
      [
        "Gavrielle Holmes",
        "WW",
        19,
        0.04
      ],
      [
        "Earl F. Dodge",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "LarryHarmon",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "HenryKing",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "1988": [
      [
        "Michael Dukakis",
        "D",
        21581,
        50.03
      ],
      [
        "George H.W. Bush",
        "R",
        21175,
        49.08
      ],
      [
        "Lenora Fulani",
        "NA",
        117,
        0.27
      ],
      [
        "Ronald \"Ron\" Paul",
        "L",
        113,
        0.26
      ],
      [
        "LaRouche",
        "",
        90,
        0.21
      ],
      [
        "Edward Winn",
        "WL",
        64,
        0.15
      ],
      [
        "Holmes",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "King",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "Wobser",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "1992": [
      [
        "BillClinton",
        "D",
        19765,
        41.56
      ],
      [
        "GeorgeBush",
        "R",
        15016,
        31.58
      ],
      [
        "H. RossPerot",
        "I",
        12611,
        26.52
      ],
      [
        "Lenora B.Fulani",
        "",
        47,
        0.1
      ],
      [
        "BoGritz",
        "",
        35,
        0.07
      ],
      [
        "AndreMarrou",
        "",
        34,
        0.07
      ],
      [
        "JohnHagelin",
        "",
        31,
        0.07
      ],
      [
        "LyndonLaRouche Jr.",
        "",
        15,
        0.03
      ],
      [
        "Henry King",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "James A.Warren",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "1996": [
      [
        "Bill Clinton",
        "D",
        20716,
        47.48
      ],
      [
        "Bob Dole",
        "R",
        15386,
        35.27
      ],
      [
        "Ross Perot",
        "RFM",
        7127,
        16.34
      ],
      [
        "Harry Browne",
        "L",
        115,
        0.26
      ],
      [
        "Monica Moorehead",
        "WW",
        112,
        0.26
      ],
      [
        "Howard Phillips",
        "UST",
        95,
        0.22
      ],
      [
        "John Hagelin",
        "NL",
        60,
        0.14
      ],
      [
        "Ralph Nader",
        "G",
        17,
        0.04
      ],
      [
        "DanBurkhardt",
        "",
        1,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "Mark Snyder",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "2000": [
      [
        "George W. Bush",
        "R",
        21804,
        49.08
      ],
      [
        "Al Gore",
        "D",
        20657,
        46.5
      ],
      [
        "Ralph Nader",
        "G",
        1217,
        2.74
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        749,
        1.69
      ]
    ],
    "2004": [
      [
        "George W. Bush",
        "R",
        25754,
        52.07
      ],
      [
        "John Kerry",
        "D",
        23426,
        47.36
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        283,
        0.57
      ]
    ],
    "2008": [
      [
        "John McCain",
        "R",
        25585,
        52.77
      ],
      [
        "Barack Obama",
        "D",
        21882,
        45.14
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        1013,
        2.09
      ]
    ],
    "2012": [
      [
        "Mitt Romney",
        "R",
        25251,
        54.83
      ],
      [
        "Barack Obama",
        "D",
        19821,
        43.04
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        979,
        2.13
      ]
    ],
    "2016": [
      [
        "Donald Trump",
        "R",
        31676,
        68.56
      ],
      [
        "Hillary Clinton",
        "D",
        12432,
        26.91
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        2093,
        4.53
      ]
    ],
    "2020": [
      [
        "Donald J Trump",
        "R",
        35726,
        71.65
      ],
      [
        "Joseph R Biden Jr.",
        "D",
        13359,
        26.79
      ],
      [
        "Jo Jorgensen",
        "L",
        607,
        1.22
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        168,
        0.34
      ]
    ],
    "2024": [
      [
        "Donald J Trump",
        "R",
        35607,
        74.1
      ],
      [
        "Kamala D Harris",
        "D",
        12064,
        25.11
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        193,
        0.4
      ],
      [
        "Chase Oliver",
        "L",
        189,
        0.39
      ]
    ]
  },
  "research_ref": [
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1852_wikipedia/1852_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
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        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1928-11-06",
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        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1928 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
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        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1932-11-08",
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        "title": "1932 United States presidential election in Ohio",
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        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1936-11-03",
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        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1936 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
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    "1940": [
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        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1940-11-05",
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        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1940 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
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    "1944": [
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        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1944-11-07",
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        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1944 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
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    "1948": [
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        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1948-11-02",
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        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1948 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
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    ],
    "1952": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1952-11-04",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1952 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
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    ],
    "1956": [
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        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1956-11-06",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1956 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1960": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1960-11-08",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1960 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1964": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1964-11-03",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1964 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1968": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1968-11-05",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1968 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1972": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1972-11-07",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1972 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1976": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1976-11-02",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1976 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1980": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1980-11-04",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1980 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1984": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "1984-11-06",
        "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
        "title": "oh_1984_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
        "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
      }
    ],
    "1988": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "1988-11-08",
        "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
        "title": "oh_1988_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
        "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
      }
    ],
    "1992": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "1992-11-03",
        "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
        "title": "oh_1992_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
        "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
      }
    ],
    "1996": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "1996-11-05",
        "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
        "title": "oh_1996_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
        "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
      }
    ],
    "2000": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2000-11-07",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2004": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2004-11-02",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2008": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2008-11-04",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2012": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2012-11-06",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2016": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2016-11-08",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2020": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2020-11-03",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2024": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2024-11-05",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ]
  },
  "turnout": {
    "1996": {
      "ballots": 44512,
      "pct": 67.52,
      "registered": 65922
    },
    "2000": {
      "ballots": 45294,
      "pct": 60.96,
      "registered": 74297
    },
    "2004": {
      "ballots": 50357,
      "pct": 64.12,
      "registered": 78536
    },
    "2008": {
      "ballots": 49265,
      "pct": 70.31,
      "registered": 70068
    },
    "2012": {
      "ballots": 46740,
      "pct": 70.07,
      "registered": 66703
    },
    "2016": {
      "ballots": 47025,
      "pct": 71.64,
      "registered": 65637
    },
    "2020": {
      "ballots": 50411,
      "pct": 76.04,
      "registered": 66293
    },
    "2024": {
      "ballots": 48588,
      "pct": 73.64,
      "registered": 65979
    }
  },
  "updated": "2026-09-19",
  "type": "county_results",
  "county_slug": "columbiana",
  "attribution": "Data from Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "attribution_license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
  "attribution_urls": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
  ],
  "attribution_years": [
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    "1856",
    "1860",
    "1864",
    "1868",
    "1872",
    "1876",
    "1880",
    "1884",
    "1888",
    "1892",
    "1896",
    "1900",
    "1904",
    "1908",
    "1912",
    "1916",
    "1920",
    "1924",
    "1928",
    "1932",
    "1936",
    "1940",
    "1944",
    "1948",
    "1952",
    "1956",
    "1960",
    "1964",
    "1968",
    "1972",
    "1976",
    "1980"
  ],
  "_meta": {
    "generated": "2026-09-22",
    "license": "CC BY 4.0 for the compilation; each source keeps its own terms",
    "cite": "Cracked Buckeye (Open Shower Co), \"Columbiana County: presidential results and turnout\", https://crackedbuckeye.com/county/columbiana/, built 2026-09-22, accessed [date].",
    "schema": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/politics/schema.json",
    "url": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/county/columbiana/",
    "api": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/politics/results/county/columbiana.json"
  },
  "cite": "Cracked Buckeye (Open Shower Co), \"Columbiana County: presidential results and turnout\", https://crackedbuckeye.com/county/columbiana/, built 2026-09-22, accessed [date].",
  "url": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/county/columbiana/",
  "api": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/politics/results/county/columbiana.json",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0 for the compilation; each source keeps its own terms",
  "generated": "2026-09-22",
  "schema": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/politics/schema.json"
}