{
  "county": "Ashland",
  "id": "ashland",
  "notes": "All 44 presidential elections 1852-2024 present. Turnout 1996-2024 per the ruling's storage section (county-level turnout before 1996 is confirmed absent from the OH SOS portal per A/sources/CITATIONS.md; not this task's scope to invent from elsewhere).",
  "president": {
    "1852": [
      [
        "Franklin Pierce",
        "D",
        2434,
        59.38
      ],
      [
        "Winfield Scott",
        "W",
        1368,
        33.37
      ],
      [
        "John P. Hale",
        "FS",
        297,
        7.25
      ]
    ],
    "1856": [
      [
        "James Buchanan",
        "D",
        2089,
        51.71
      ],
      [
        "John C. Frémont",
        "R",
        1912,
        47.33
      ],
      [
        "Millard Fillmore",
        "AM",
        39,
        0.97
      ]
    ],
    "1860": [
      [
        "Abraham Lincoln",
        "R",
        2166,
        49.05
      ],
      [
        "Stephen A. Douglas",
        "D",
        1720,
        38.95
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        530,
        12.0
      ]
    ],
    "1864": [
      [
        "George B. McClellan",
        "D",
        2280,
        51.54
      ],
      [
        "Abraham Lincoln",
        "NU",
        2144,
        48.46
      ]
    ],
    "1868": [
      [
        "Horatio Seymour",
        "D",
        2504,
        53.17
      ],
      [
        "Ulysses S. Grant",
        "R",
        2205,
        46.83
      ]
    ],
    "1872": [
      [
        "Horace Greeley",
        "LR",
        2368,
        51.64
      ],
      [
        "Ulysses S. Grant",
        "R",
        2183,
        47.6
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        35,
        0.76
      ]
    ],
    "1876": [
      [
        "Samuel J. Tilden",
        "D",
        3021,
        55.8
      ],
      [
        "Rutherford B. Hayes",
        "R",
        2387,
        44.09
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        6,
        0.11
      ]
    ],
    "1880": [
      [
        "Winfield Scott Hancock",
        "D",
        3217,
        53.86
      ],
      [
        "James A. Garfield",
        "R",
        2752,
        46.07
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        4,
        0.07
      ]
    ],
    "1884": [
      [
        "Grover Cleveland",
        "D",
        3325,
        54.92
      ],
      [
        "James G. Blaine",
        "R",
        2616,
        43.21
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        113,
        1.87
      ]
    ],
    "1888": [
      [
        "Grover Cleveland",
        "D",
        3152,
        54.56
      ],
      [
        "Benjamin Harrison",
        "R",
        2445,
        42.32
      ],
      [
        "Fisk",
        "",
        180,
        3.12
      ],
      [
        "Streeter",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "1892": [
      [
        "Grover Cleveland",
        "D",
        3042,
        54.79
      ],
      [
        "Benjamin Harrison",
        "R",
        2256,
        40.63
      ],
      [
        "Bidwell",
        "",
        211,
        3.8
      ],
      [
        "Weaver",
        "",
        43,
        0.77
      ]
    ],
    "1896": [
      [
        "William Jennings Bryan",
        "D",
        3422,
        56.28
      ],
      [
        "William McKinley",
        "R",
        2608,
        42.89
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        50,
        0.82
      ]
    ],
    "1900": [
      [
        "William Jennings Bryan",
        "D",
        3399,
        55.53
      ],
      [
        "William McKinley",
        "R",
        2641,
        43.15
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        81,
        1.32
      ]
    ],
    "1904": [
      [
        "Alton B. Parker",
        "D",
        2996,
        49.01
      ],
      [
        "Theodore Roosevelt",
        "R",
        2747,
        44.94
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        346,
        5.66
      ],
      [
        "Debs",
        "",
        24,
        0.39
      ]
    ],
    "1908": [
      [
        "William Jennings Bryan",
        "D",
        3627,
        55.18
      ],
      [
        "William Howard Taft",
        "R",
        2804,
        42.66
      ],
      [
        "Chafin",
        "",
        84,
        1.28
      ],
      [
        "Debs",
        "",
        56,
        0.85
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        2,
        0.03
      ]
    ],
    "1912": [
      [
        "Woodrow Wilson",
        "D",
        3364,
        53.45
      ],
      [
        "Roosevelt",
        "",
        1559,
        24.77
      ],
      [
        "William Howard Taft",
        "R",
        1017,
        16.16
      ],
      [
        "Debs",
        "",
        274,
        4.35
      ],
      [
        "Chafin",
        "",
        64,
        1.02
      ],
      [
        "Reimer",
        "",
        16,
        0.25
      ]
    ],
    "1916": [
      [
        "Woodrow Wilson",
        "D",
        4000,
        59.89
      ],
      [
        "Charles Evans Hughes",
        "R",
        2534,
        37.94
      ],
      [
        "Benson",
        "",
        97,
        1.45
      ],
      [
        "Hanly",
        "",
        48,
        0.72
      ]
    ],
    "1920": [
      [
        "Warren G. Harding",
        "R",
        5951,
        50.62
      ],
      [
        "James M. Cox",
        "D",
        5705,
        48.52
      ],
      [
        "Debs",
        "",
        99,
        0.84
      ],
      [
        "Macauley",
        "",
        2,
        0.02
      ]
    ],
    "1924": [
      [
        "Calvin Coolidge",
        "R",
        5777,
        52.68
      ],
      [
        "John W. Davis",
        "D",
        4377,
        39.91
      ],
      [
        "Robert M. La Follette",
        "PR",
        802,
        7.31
      ],
      [
        "Johns",
        "",
        7,
        0.06
      ],
      [
        "Wallace",
        "",
        3,
        0.03
      ]
    ],
    "1928": [
      [
        "Herbert Hoover",
        "R",
        8745,
        72.29
      ],
      [
        "Al Smith",
        "D",
        3256,
        26.92
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        74,
        0.61
      ],
      [
        "Thomas",
        "",
        22,
        0.18
      ]
    ],
    "1932": [
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        7302,
        51.84
      ],
      [
        "Herbert Hoover",
        "R",
        6549,
        46.49
      ],
      [
        "Thomas",
        "",
        127,
        0.9
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        108,
        0.77
      ]
    ],
    "1936": [
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        8818,
        57.44
      ],
      [
        "Alf Landon",
        "R",
        6154,
        40.09
      ],
      [
        "Lemke",
        "",
        357,
        2.33
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        23,
        0.15
      ]
    ],
    "1940": [
      [
        "Wendell Willkie",
        "R",
        8624,
        52.4
      ],
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        7835,
        47.6
      ]
    ],
    "1944": [
      [
        "Thomas E. Dewey",
        "R",
        8994,
        59.47
      ],
      [
        "Franklin D. Roosevelt",
        "D",
        6130,
        40.53
      ]
    ],
    "1948": [
      [
        "Thomas E. Dewey",
        "R",
        8027,
        56.56
      ],
      [
        "Harry S. Truman",
        "D",
        6095,
        42.95
      ],
      [
        "Wallace",
        "",
        69,
        0.49
      ]
    ],
    "1952": [
      [
        "Dwight D. Eisenhower",
        "R",
        12459,
        70.38
      ],
      [
        "Adlai Stevenson",
        "D",
        5244,
        29.62
      ]
    ],
    "1956": [
      [
        "Dwight D. Eisenhower",
        "R",
        12792,
        73.41
      ],
      [
        "Adlai E. Stevenson",
        "D",
        4634,
        26.59
      ]
    ],
    "1960": [
      [
        "Richard Nixon",
        "R",
        13112,
        69.7
      ],
      [
        "John F. Kennedy",
        "D",
        5700,
        30.3
      ]
    ],
    "1964": [
      [
        "Lyndon B. Johnson",
        "D",
        8493,
        53.75
      ],
      [
        "Barry Goldwater",
        "R",
        7308,
        46.25
      ]
    ],
    "1968": [
      [
        "Richard Nixon",
        "R",
        9745,
        62.49
      ],
      [
        "Hubert Humphrey",
        "D",
        4526,
        29.02
      ],
      [
        "George Wallace",
        "AIP",
        1323,
        8.48
      ]
    ],
    "1972": [
      [
        "Richard Nixon",
        "R",
        12470,
        73.04
      ],
      [
        "George McGovern",
        "D",
        4302,
        25.2
      ],
      [
        "Schmitz",
        "",
        268,
        1.57
      ],
      [
        "Fisher",
        "",
        24,
        0.14
      ],
      [
        "Hall",
        "",
        10,
        0.06
      ]
    ],
    "1976": [
      [
        "Gerald Ford",
        "R",
        9761,
        56.25
      ],
      [
        "Jimmy Carter",
        "D",
        7205,
        41.52
      ],
      [
        "Eugene \"Gene\" McCarthy",
        "I",
        256,
        1.48
      ],
      [
        "Lester Maddox",
        "AIP",
        71,
        0.41
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        28,
        0.16
      ]
    ],
    "1980": [
      [
        "Ronald Reagan",
        "R",
        11691,
        62.56
      ],
      [
        "Jimmy Carter",
        "D",
        5142,
        27.51
      ],
      [
        "John B. Anderson",
        "I",
        1128,
        6.04
      ],
      [
        "Edward \"Ed\" Clark",
        "L",
        427,
        2.28
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        301,
        1.61
      ]
    ],
    "1984": [
      [
        "Ronald Reagan",
        "R",
        14339,
        74.4
      ],
      [
        "Walter F. Mondale",
        "D",
        4786,
        24.83
      ],
      [
        "Lyndon H. LaRouche Jr.",
        "I",
        55,
        0.29
      ],
      [
        "David Bergland",
        "L",
        20,
        0.1
      ],
      [
        "Edward Winn",
        "WL",
        18,
        0.09
      ],
      [
        "Melvin T. Mason",
        "SW",
        17,
        0.09
      ],
      [
        "Dennis L. Serrette",
        "ALN",
        16,
        0.08
      ],
      [
        "Gavrielle Holmes",
        "WW",
        11,
        0.06
      ],
      [
        "Gus Hall",
        "CPUSA",
        10,
        0.05
      ],
      [
        "Earl F. Dodge",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "LarryHarmon",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "HenryKing",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "1988": [
      [
        "George H.W. Bush",
        "R",
        12726,
        67.19
      ],
      [
        "Michael Dukakis",
        "D",
        6072,
        32.06
      ],
      [
        "Ronald \"Ron\" Paul",
        "L",
        64,
        0.34
      ],
      [
        "LaRouche",
        "",
        31,
        0.16
      ],
      [
        "Lenora Fulani",
        "NA",
        26,
        0.14
      ],
      [
        "Edward Winn",
        "WL",
        20,
        0.11
      ],
      [
        "Holmes",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "King",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "Wobser",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "1992": [
      [
        "GeorgeBush",
        "R",
        9864,
        47.3
      ],
      [
        "BillClinton",
        "D",
        5985,
        28.7
      ],
      [
        "H. RossPerot",
        "I",
        4950,
        23.74
      ],
      [
        "AndreMarrou",
        "",
        23,
        0.11
      ],
      [
        "Lenora B.Fulani",
        "",
        11,
        0.05
      ],
      [
        "BoGritz",
        "",
        11,
        0.05
      ],
      [
        "LyndonLaRouche Jr.",
        "",
        7,
        0.03
      ],
      [
        "JohnHagelin",
        "",
        4,
        0.02
      ],
      [
        "Henry King",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "James A.Warren",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "1996": [
      [
        "Bob Dole",
        "R",
        10402,
        52.61
      ],
      [
        "Bill Clinton",
        "D",
        6573,
        33.24
      ],
      [
        "Ross Perot",
        "RFM",
        2630,
        13.3
      ],
      [
        "Howard Phillips",
        "UST",
        52,
        0.26
      ],
      [
        "Harry Browne",
        "L",
        46,
        0.23
      ],
      [
        "Monica Moorehead",
        "WW",
        41,
        0.21
      ],
      [
        "John Hagelin",
        "NL",
        20,
        0.1
      ],
      [
        "Ralph Nader",
        "G",
        9,
        0.05
      ],
      [
        "DanBurkhardt",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ],
      [
        "Mark Snyder",
        "",
        0,
        0.0
      ]
    ],
    "2000": [
      [
        "George W. Bush",
        "R",
        13533,
        63.66
      ],
      [
        "Al Gore",
        "D",
        6685,
        31.45
      ],
      [
        "Ralph Nader",
        "G",
        563,
        2.65
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        477,
        2.24
      ]
    ],
    "2004": [
      [
        "George W. Bush",
        "R",
        16171,
        64.89
      ],
      [
        "John Kerry",
        "D",
        8555,
        34.33
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        194,
        0.78
      ]
    ],
    "2008": [
      [
        "John McCain",
        "R",
        15158,
        60.23
      ],
      [
        "Barack Obama",
        "D",
        9300,
        36.95
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        710,
        2.82
      ]
    ],
    "2012": [
      [
        "Mitt Romney",
        "R",
        15519,
        63.79
      ],
      [
        "Barack Obama",
        "D",
        8281,
        34.04
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        530,
        2.18
      ]
    ],
    "2016": [
      [
        "Donald Trump",
        "R",
        17493,
        71.14
      ],
      [
        "Hillary Clinton",
        "D",
        5740,
        23.34
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        1357,
        5.52
      ]
    ],
    "2020": [
      [
        "Donald J Trump",
        "R",
        19407,
        73.5
      ],
      [
        "Joseph R Biden Jr.",
        "D",
        6541,
        24.77
      ],
      [
        "Jo Jorgensen",
        "L",
        345,
        1.31
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        112,
        0.42
      ]
    ],
    "2024": [
      [
        "Donald J Trump",
        "R",
        19863,
        74.5
      ],
      [
        "Kamala D Harris",
        "D",
        6544,
        24.54
      ],
      [
        "Chase Oliver",
        "L",
        135,
        0.51
      ],
      [
        "Other",
        "O",
        121,
        0.45
      ]
    ]
  },
  "research_ref": [
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1852_wikipedia/1852_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1856_wikipedia/1856_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1860_wikipedia/1860_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1864_wikipedia/1864_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1868_wikipedia/1868_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1872_wikipedia/1872_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1876_wikipedia/1876_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1880_wikipedia/1880_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1884_wikipedia/1884_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1888_wikipedia/1888_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1892_wikipedia/1892_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1896_wikipedia/1896_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1900_wikipedia/1900_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1904_wikipedia/1904_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1908_wikipedia/1908_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1912_wikipedia/1912_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1916_wikipedia/1916_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1920_wikipedia/1920_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1924_wikipedia/1924_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1928_wikipedia/1928_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1932_wikipedia/1932_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1936_wikipedia/1936_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1940_wikipedia/1940_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1944_wikipedia/1944_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1948_wikipedia/1948_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1952_wikipedia/1952_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1956_wikipedia/1956_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1960_wikipedia/1960_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1964_wikipedia/1964_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1968_wikipedia/1968_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1972_wikipedia/1972_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1976_wikipedia/1976_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1980_wikipedia/1980_ohio_president_by_county.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1984_ohiosos/oh_1984_general_president_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1988_ohiosos/oh_1988_general_president_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1992_ohiosos/oh_1992_general_president_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/1996_ohiosos/oh_1996_general_president_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/president/county/ohio_county_president_2000-2024.csv",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_1996_general_turnout_by_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2000_general_turnout_by_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2004_general_turnout_by_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2008_general_turnout.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2012_general_statewide_results_county_turnout.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2016_general_turnout_by_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2020_general_turnout_by_county.xlsx",
    "cracked-buckeye-political@0f7764dbb6bac7f2e1e49458525927ef31bd545a:data/turnout/oh_2024_general_turnout_by_county.xlsx"
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1852-11-02",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1852 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1856-11-04",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1856 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1860-11-06",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1860 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1864-11-08",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1864 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1868-11-03",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1868 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1872-11-05",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1872 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1876-11-07",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1876 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1880-11-02",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1880 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1884-11-04",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1884 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1888-11-06",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1888 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1892-11-08",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1892 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1896-11-03",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1896 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1900-11-06",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1900 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1904-11-08",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1904 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1908-11-03",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1908 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1912-11-05",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1912 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1916-11-07",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1916 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1920-11-02",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1920 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1924-11-04",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1924 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1928-11-06",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1928 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1932-11-08",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1932 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1936-11-03",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1936 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1940-11-05",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1940 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1944-11-07",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1944 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1948-11-02",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1948 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1952-11-04",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1952 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1956-11-06",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1956 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1960-11-08",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1960 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1964-11-03",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1964 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1968-11-05",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1968 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1972-11-07",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1972 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1976-11-02",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1976 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "date": "1980-11-04",
      "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
      "publisher": "Wikipedia",
      "title": "1980 United States presidential election in Ohio",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-17",
      "date": "1984-11-06",
      "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
      "title": "oh_1984_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
      "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-17",
      "date": "1988-11-08",
      "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
      "title": "oh_1988_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
      "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-17",
      "date": "1992-11-03",
      "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
      "title": "oh_1992_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
      "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-17",
      "date": "1996-11-05",
      "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
      "title": "oh_1996_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
      "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
    },
    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-17",
      "date": "2000-11-07",
      "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
      "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
    }
  ],
  "sources_by_year": {
    "1852": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1852-11-02",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1852 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1856": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1856-11-04",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1856 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1860": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1860-11-06",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1860 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1864": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1864-11-08",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1864 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1868": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1868-11-03",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1868 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1872": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1872-11-05",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1872 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1876": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1876-11-07",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1876 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1880": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1880-11-02",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1880 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1884": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1884-11-04",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1884 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1888": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1888-11-06",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1888 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1892": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1892-11-08",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1892 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1896": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1896-11-03",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1896 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1900": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1900-11-06",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1900 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1904": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1904-11-08",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1904 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1908": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1908-11-03",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1908 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1912": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1912-11-05",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1912 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1916": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1916-11-07",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1916 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1920": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1920-11-02",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1920 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1924": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1924-11-04",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1924 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1928": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1928-11-06",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1928 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1932": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1932-11-08",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1932 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1936": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1936-11-03",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1936 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1940": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1940-11-05",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1940 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1944": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1944-11-07",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1944 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1948": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1948-11-02",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1948 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1952": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1952-11-04",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1952 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1956": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1956-11-06",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1956 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1960": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1960-11-08",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1960 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1964": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1964-11-03",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1964 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1968": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1968-11-05",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1968 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1972": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1972-11-07",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1972 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1976": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1976-11-02",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1976 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1980": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-18",
        "date": "1980-11-04",
        "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "publisher": "Wikipedia",
        "title": "1980 United States presidential election in Ohio",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
      }
    ],
    "1984": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "1984-11-06",
        "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
        "title": "oh_1984_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
        "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
      }
    ],
    "1988": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "1988-11-08",
        "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
        "title": "oh_1988_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
        "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
      }
    ],
    "1992": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "1992-11-03",
        "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
        "title": "oh_1992_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
        "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
      }
    ],
    "1996": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "1996-11-05",
        "publisher": "Ohio Secretary of State",
        "title": "oh_1996_general_president_county.xlsx -- Ohio Secretary of State Past Election Results portal",
        "url": "https://data.ohiosos.gov/portal/past-election-results"
      }
    ],
    "2000": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2000-11-07",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2004": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2004-11-02",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2008": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2008-11-04",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2012": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2012-11-06",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2016": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2016-11-08",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2020": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2020-11-03",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ],
    "2024": [
      {
        "accessed": "2026-09-17",
        "date": "2024-11-05",
        "publisher": "MIT Election Data and Science Lab (MEDSL), Harvard Dataverse",
        "title": "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 (V20)",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ"
      }
    ]
  },
  "turnout": {
    "1996": {
      "ballots": 20248,
      "pct": 71.78,
      "registered": 28207
    },
    "2000": {
      "ballots": 21535,
      "pct": 69.49,
      "registered": 30988
    },
    "2004": {
      "ballots": 25739,
      "pct": 73.86,
      "registered": 34850
    },
    "2008": {
      "ballots": 25470,
      "pct": 66.9,
      "registered": 38074
    },
    "2012": {
      "ballots": 24578,
      "pct": 67.18,
      "registered": 36586
    },
    "2016": {
      "ballots": 25104,
      "pct": 70.81,
      "registered": 35452
    },
    "2020": {
      "ballots": 26771,
      "pct": 76.85,
      "registered": 34837
    },
    "2024": {
      "ballots": 27045,
      "pct": 77.81,
      "registered": 34756
    }
  },
  "updated": "2026-09-19",
  "type": "county_results",
  "county_slug": "ashland",
  "attribution": "Data from Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "attribution_license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
  "attribution_urls": [
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio",
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio"
  ],
  "attribution_years": [
    "1852",
    "1856",
    "1860",
    "1864",
    "1868",
    "1872",
    "1876",
    "1880",
    "1884",
    "1888",
    "1892",
    "1896",
    "1900",
    "1904",
    "1908",
    "1912",
    "1916",
    "1920",
    "1924",
    "1928",
    "1932",
    "1936",
    "1940",
    "1944",
    "1948",
    "1952",
    "1956",
    "1960",
    "1964",
    "1968",
    "1972",
    "1976",
    "1980"
  ],
  "_meta": {
    "generated": "2026-09-22",
    "license": "CC BY 4.0 for the compilation; each source keeps its own terms",
    "cite": "Cracked Buckeye (Open Shower Co), \"Ashland County: presidential results and turnout\", https://crackedbuckeye.com/county/ashland/, built 2026-09-22, accessed [date].",
    "schema": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/politics/schema.json",
    "url": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/county/ashland/",
    "api": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/politics/results/county/ashland.json"
  },
  "cite": "Cracked Buckeye (Open Shower Co), \"Ashland County: presidential results and turnout\", https://crackedbuckeye.com/county/ashland/, built 2026-09-22, accessed [date].",
  "url": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/county/ashland/",
  "api": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/politics/results/county/ashland.json",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0 for the compilation; each source keeps its own terms",
  "generated": "2026-09-22",
  "schema": "https://crackedbuckeye.com/api/politics/schema.json"
}