{
  "born": {
    "place": "Mansfield, Ohio",
    "year": 1952
  },
  "candidacies": [
    {
      "party": "Democratic",
      "pct": null,
      "race": "2026-us-senate",
      "result": "pending",
      "sources": [
        "https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Ohio,_2026",
        "https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2026/05/05/brown-wins-ohio-dem-u-s-senate-primary/",
        "https://www.statenews.org/government-politics/2025-08-18/sherrod-brown-is-running-in-2026-to-return-to-the-u-s-senate"
      ],
      "votes": null
    },
    {
      "party": "Democratic",
      "pct": 46.47,
      "race": "2024-us-senate",
      "result": "lost",
      "sources": [
        "https://dayton247now.com/news/local/ohio-election-results-certified-frank-larose-secretary-of-state-2024-vote-president-senate-trump-harris-moreno-brown",
        "https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2024/11/05/republican-bernie-moreno-defeats-incumbent-sherrod-brown-for-ohio-u-s-senate-seat-ap-projects/",
        "https://signalcleveland.org/ohio-us-senate-election-2024-results-sherrod-brown-bernie-moreno/",
        "https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_Senate_election_in_Ohio,_2024"
      ],
      "votes": 2650949
    },
    {
      "party": "Democratic",
      "pct": 53.4,
      "race": "2018-us-senate",
      "result": "won",
      "sources": [
        "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Ohio"
      ],
      "votes": 2358508
    },
    {
      "party": "Democratic",
      "pct": 50.7,
      "race": "2012-us-senate",
      "result": "won",
      "sources": [
        "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Ohio",
        "https://www.wyso.org/news/2012-11-07/ohio-senate-race-incumbent-brown-defeats-mandel"
      ],
      "votes": 2762766
    }
  ],
  "coverage": {
    "ballot": "researched",
    "claims": {
      "checked": [
        "The research archive's fact-check pass of 2026-09-18 (PolitiFact, FactCheck.org, the Washington Post Fact Checker and AP Fact Check)",
        "The research archive's 2024 fact-check pass (PolitiFact)"
      ],
      "note": "One claim of his own is published, from 2024. Four more claims in the archive were made about him by others; three of those are published under the organization or candidate that made them and name him. His one 2026 claim carries no date for the claim or for the check, so its permanent address could not be formed.",
      "state": "researched"
    },
    "elections": {
      "note": "His 2024, 2026 and 2012 candidacies are published. Remaining earlier elections wait on the cycles those races cover.",
      "state": "researched"
    },
    "endorsements": {
      "note": "One endorsement he received is published. Seven more unions are named in the research archive with no link, so they are not published; the archive records no endorsement he gave.",
      "state": "researched"
    },
    "interests": "researched",
    "money": "researched",
    "polling": {
      "note": "Head-to-head numbers and favorability from named pollsters, for the 2012, 2024 and 2026 races. Polling averages and forecast models are not polls and are not published.",
      "state": "researched"
    },
    "positions": {
      "note": "Four paraphrases of his platform, each with the link that states it; the page marks a paraphrase as a paraphrase. None of his platform is quoted in the research archive, so no position in his own words is published yet.",
      "state": "researched"
    },
    "profile": "researched",
    "record": "researched",
    "sources": {
      "note": "72 sources on this record.",
      "state": "researched"
    }
  },
  "donors": [
    {
      "affiliation": "more than 40 donors giving at the maximum personal limit through the Ohio Grassroots Victory Fund, a joint fundraising committee, including members of the Pritzker, Gates, Soros and Rockefeller families",
      "amount": 870000,
      "in_state": false,
      "name": "Donors at a September 14, 2026 San Francisco-area fundraiser",
      "notes": "A combined figure, not a single filed contribution. A further donor list published by a partisan outlet is not carried here: the archive flags it as unverified against FEC itemized contributions.",
      "race": "2026-us-senate",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.ohio.news/stories/sherrod-brown-turns-to-california-for-fundraising-to-win-ohio-senate-seat/",
        "https://www.dailysignal.com/2026/09/18/democrats-seeking-california-cash-fundraising/"
      ],
      "vehicle": "pac"
    },
    {
      "affiliation": "small-dollar donors through ActBlue, at an average donation of about $122",
      "amount": 3800000,
      "in_state": null,
      "name": "ActBlue small-dollar donors",
      "notes": "An aggregate, not a single filed contribution.",
      "race": "2024-us-senate",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2024/04/ohios-senate-race-ranks-among-top-most-expensive-contests-of-2024/",
        "https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2024/02/07/campaign-finance-reports-show-ohio-u-s-sen-sherrod-brown-far-out-raising-republican-candidates/"
      ],
      "vehicle": "campaign"
    },
    {
      "affiliation": "corporate political action committees including Visa Inc., New York Life, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Boeing and Bank of New York Mellon",
      "amount": 300000,
      "in_state": null,
      "name": "Corporate political action committees",
      "notes": "About $300,000 in the first quarter of 2024, while he chaired the Senate Banking Committee, after a 2019 pledge not to take corporate PAC money.",
      "race": "2024-us-senate",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.foxnews.com/politics/vulnerable-dem-sen-ripped-after-raking-in-cash-from-corporate-pacs-despite-previous-objections-hypocrisy",
        "https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/columbus/news/2024/05/24/corporate-pac-ohio-brown-moreno"
      ],
      "vehicle": "pac"
    },
    {
      "affiliation": "United Steelworkers, which endorsed him, and building-trades unions including the Bricklayers",
      "amount": 43500,
      "in_state": null,
      "name": "Organized labor",
      "notes": "One tally of union money to the campaign. The United Steelworkers political action committee separately gave $582,500 to federal candidates across the 2023-2024 cycle, which is not money to him alone and is not the figure here.",
      "race": "2024-us-senate",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.opensecrets.org/political-action-committees-pacs/united-steelworkers/C00003590/candidate-recipients/2024"
      ],
      "vehicle": "pac"
    },
    {
      "affiliation": "employees of Ohio State University; the top donor group to the Senate Victory for Sherrod Brown 2024 joint fundraising committee, whose largest industry category was retired donors at $138,660",
      "amount": 26000,
      "in_state": true,
      "name": "Ohio State University employees",
      "race": "2024-us-senate",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.opensecrets.org/joint-fundraising-committees-jfcs/senate-victory-for-sherrod-brown-2024/C00883108/2024/donors",
        "https://www.opensecrets.org/joint-fundraising-committees-jfcs/senate-victory-for-sherrod-brown-2024/C00883108/2024/industries"
      ],
      "vehicle": "campaign"
    },
    {
      "affiliation": "law firm; the top donor to the Victory Now for Sherrod Brown joint fundraising committee",
      "amount": 24000,
      "in_state": false,
      "name": "Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer",
      "race": "2024-us-senate",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.opensecrets.org/joint-fundraising-committees-jfcs/victory-now-for-sherrod-brown/C00846196/2024/donors"
      ],
      "vehicle": "campaign"
    }
  ],
  "endorsements_given": [],
  "endorsements_received": [
    {
      "by": "United Steelworkers",
      "date": "2025-12-15",
      "kind": "union",
      "sources": [
        "https://usw.org/press-release/usw-proudly-endorses-sherrod-brown-to-return-to-senate/"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "finance": [
    {
      "as_of": "2026-06-30",
      "cash": 16229741.32,
      "committee_id": "C00916288",
      "filer": "FEC",
      "in_state": {
        "amount": 9861953.56,
        "as_of": "2026-06-30",
        "method": "Itemized Schedule A contributions to committee C00916288 for the 2026 cycle with a filed Ohio address, as a percent of all itemized contributions to that committee for the cycle, via the FEC's schedule_a/by_state/ aggregate endpoint.",
        "share": 40.22,
        "sources": [
          "https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/by_state/?committee_id=C00916288&cycle=2026&sort=-total"
        ]
      },
      "notes": "Friends of Sherrod Brown, receipts for August 11, 2025 to June 30, 2026. About $12.5 million in Q1 2026 and $14.1 million in direct Q2 2026 donations plus about $3 million through a joint fundraising committee. Separate from the 1992-vintage committee now called Dignity of Work PAC (C00264697).",
      "race": "2026-us-senate",
      "raised": 38566234.1,
      "sources": [
        "https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/committee/C00916288/totals/?cycle=2026",
        "https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2026/07/29/sherrod-brown-comfortably-outraises-jon-husted-as-outside-groups-enter-ohios-u-s-senate-race/",
        "https://washingtonsun.com/campaigns/sherrod-brown-grows-his-fundraising-advantage-over-jon-husted-senate?redirected=notus_org",
        "https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/S6OH00163/",
        "https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00916288/?cycle=2026"
      ],
      "spent": 22336492.78,
      "top_states": {
        "as_of": "2026-09-19",
        "method": "Itemized Schedule A individual contributions to committee C00916288 for the 2026 cycle, aggregated by contributor state via the FEC's own by-state aggregate endpoint (schedule_a/by_state/); totals cover itemized contributions only, not unitemized small-dollar giving.",
        "sources": [
          "https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/by_state/?committee_id=C00916288&cycle=2026&sort=-total",
          "https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00916288/?tab=raising"
        ],
        "states": [
          {
            "amount": 9861953.56,
            "count": 61907,
            "state": "OH"
          },
          {
            "amount": 3573279.65,
            "count": 15194,
            "state": "CA"
          },
          {
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            "count": 6856,
            "state": "NY"
          },
          {
            "amount": 1380476.17,
            "count": 4681,
            "state": "MA"
          },
          {
            "amount": 701838.79,
            "count": 3159,
            "state": "MD"
          },
          {
            "amount": 683771.42,
            "count": 3097,
            "state": "IL"
          },
          {
            "amount": 590797.7,
            "count": 3036,
            "state": "TX"
          },
          {
            "amount": 569852.81,
            "count": 3541,
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          }
        ]
      },
      "top_zips": {
        "as_of": "2026-09-19",
        "method": "Itemized Schedule A individual contributions to committee C00916288 for the 2026 cycle, aggregated by contributor ZIP code via the FEC's schedule_a/by_zip/ aggregate endpoint; the top ZIPs by dollar total, itemized contributions only.",
        "sources": [
          "https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/by_zip/?committee_id=C00916288&cycle=2026&sort=-total"
        ],
        "zips": [
          {
            "amount": 430605.0,
            "count": 956,
            "state": "OH",
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          },
          {
            "amount": 329216.67,
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          },
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          },
          {
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            "count": 595,
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          },
          {
            "amount": 229014.83,
            "count": 588,
            "state": "OH",
            "zip": "45208"
          },
          {
            "amount": 209609.83,
            "count": 540,
            "state": "OH",
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          },
          {
            "amount": 178981.79,
            "count": 299,
            "state": "NY",
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          },
          {
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            "count": 329,
            "state": "MD",
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          }
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "as_of": "2024-12-31",
      "cash": 394230.48,
      "committee_id": "C00264697",
      "filer": "FEC",
      "in_state": {
        "amount": 20032415.71,
        "as_of": "2024-12-31",
        "method": "Itemized Schedule A contributions to committee C00264697 for the 2024 cycle with a filed Ohio address, as a percent of all itemized contributions to that committee for the cycle, via the FEC's schedule_a/by_state/ aggregate endpoint.",
        "share": 31.31,
        "sources": [
          "https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/by_state/?committee_id=C00264697&cycle=2024&sort=-total"
        ]
      },
      "notes": "Friends of Sherrod Brown, the committee now called Dignity of Work PAC, for the 2023-2024 cycle. Press tallies of the same filings had him at roughly $89 million to $91 million raised through mid-October 2024, with the rest arriving after the election. Two affiliated joint fundraising committees raised smaller sums in 2024: Senate Victory for Sherrod Brown 2024 at $893,138 and Victory Now for Sherrod Brown at $224,399.",
      "race": "2024-us-senate",
      "raised": 96530240.72,
      "sources": [
        "https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/committee/C00264697/totals/?cycle=2024",
        "https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/S6OH00163/",
        "https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00264697/?cycle=2024",
        "https://www.opensecrets.org/joint-fundraising-committees-jfcs/senate-victory-for-sherrod-brown-2024/C00883108/2024/summary",
        "https://www.opensecrets.org/joint-fundraising-committees-jfcs/victory-now-for-sherrod-brown/C00846196/2024/summary"
      ],
      "spent": 99564642.3,
      "top_states": {
        "as_of": "2026-09-19",
        "method": "Itemized Schedule A individual contributions to committee C00264697 for the 2024 cycle, aggregated by contributor state via the FEC's own by-state aggregate endpoint (schedule_a/by_state/); totals cover itemized contributions only, not unitemized small-dollar giving.",
        "sources": [
          "https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/by_state/?committee_id=C00264697&cycle=2024&sort=-total",
          "https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00264697/?tab=raising"
        ],
        "states": [
          {
            "amount": 20032415.71,
            "count": 186407,
            "state": "OH"
          },
          {
            "amount": 9873615.95,
            "count": 75386,
            "state": "CA"
          },
          {
            "amount": 5600137.93,
            "count": 34995,
            "state": "NY"
          },
          {
            "amount": 3296772.6,
            "count": 18114,
            "state": "MA"
          },
          {
            "amount": 2004133.66,
            "count": 14698,
            "state": "IL"
          },
          {
            "amount": 1785470.83,
            "count": 13592,
            "state": "MD"
          },
          {
            "amount": 1762108.81,
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            "state": "WA"
          },
          {
            "amount": 1749997.45,
            "count": 17340,
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          }
        ]
      },
      "top_zips": {
        "as_of": "2026-09-19",
        "method": "Itemized Schedule A individual contributions to committee C00264697 for the 2024 cycle, aggregated by contributor ZIP code via the FEC's schedule_a/by_zip/ aggregate endpoint; the top ZIPs by dollar total, itemized contributions only.",
        "sources": [
          "https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_a/by_zip/?committee_id=C00264697&cycle=2024&sort=-total"
        ],
        "zips": [
          {
            "amount": 801859.14,
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          },
          {
            "amount": 525178.03,
            "count": 2156,
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          },
          {
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          },
          {
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          },
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            "count": 1504,
            "state": "NY",
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          },
          {
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            "count": 1438,
            "state": "NY",
            "zip": "10024"
          },
          {
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            "count": 1835,
            "state": "OH",
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          }
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "as_of": "2018-12-31",
      "filer": "FEC",
      "notes": "OpenSecrets reporting on the campaign's spending for the 2018 cycle; the archive found this to be more than six times Jim Renacci's spending in the same race.",
      "race": "2018-us-senate",
      "raised": null,
      "sources": [
        "https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2023/07/senator-sherrod-brown-fundraising-overshadows-gop-challengers-in-ohio-senate-race/"
      ],
      "spent": 27800000
    },
    {
      "as_of": "2012-12-31",
      "filer": "FEC",
      "notes": "OpenSecrets-derived reporting states his campaign spent about $24.6 million in the 2012 cycle, roughly $5.7 million more than Mandel's campaign spent. The archive's own section heading calls this 'total raised,' but its text states a spending figure, so it is recorded here as spent, not raised, and 'raised' is left null rather than guessed.",
      "race": "2012-us-senate",
      "raised": null,
      "sources": [
        "https://www.opensecrets.org/members-of-congress/summary?cid=N00003535&cycle=2012"
      ],
      "spent": 24600000
    }
  ],
  "id": "sherrod-brown",
  "interests": [
    {
      "date": "2025-12",
      "kind": "income",
      "sources": [
        "https://signalohio.org/sherrod-brown-discloses-writing-teaching-income-from-his-post-senate-career/"
      ],
      "what": "Disclosed writing and teaching income from his career after the Senate."
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-08-13",
      "kind": "holding",
      "sources": [
        "https://efdsearch.senate.gov/search/view/annual/6e92f399-a4d8-484e-bae0-32ba6a0bf4d5/"
      ],
      "what": "Discloses no individual company stock. His wife holds two diversified funds: an Invesco Select Risk: Growth Investor Fund in a 401(k), $250,001 to $500,000, and a TIAA/Nuveen Lifecycle Index fund in a Denison University retirement plan, $15,001 to $50,000."
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-08-13",
      "kind": "holding",
      "sources": [
        "https://efdsearch.senate.gov/search/view/annual/6e92f399-a4d8-484e-bae0-32ba6a0bf4d5/"
      ],
      "what": "His remaining disclosed assets are bank deposit accounts at Huntington National Bank, Congressional Federal Credit Union and Northwest Bank, and two defined-benefit pensions: the Ohio Public Employees Retirement System for him and the State Teachers Retirement System of Ohio for his wife."
    },
    {
      "date": "2023-08",
      "kind": "reported_conflict",
      "reported_by": "Washington Free Beacon",
      "sources": [
        "https://freebeacon.com/democrats/sherrod-brown-financial-disclosure/"
      ],
      "what": "Reported that his Senate financial disclosures omitted his wife's mutual-fund holdings of about $250,001 to $500,000 and a pension of about $100,001 to $250,000 from 2007 until he corrected the filings in an August 2023 letter to the Senate Office of Public Records."
    },
    {
      "date": "2023-05-17",
      "kind": "reported_conflict",
      "reported_by": "Spectrum News 1",
      "sources": [
        "https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/columbus/politics/2023/05/17/sen--brown-accepted-donations-from-pacs-tied-to-drug-companies-named-in-ohio-lawsuit"
      ],
      "what": "Reported that he accepted PAC contributions of about $13,000 from Cigna, Humana and Express Scripts between 2009 and 2018 and more than $37,000 from their lobbyists between 2006 and 2021, and that Ohio's attorney general sued those companies in 2023 over alleged drug-price manipulation."
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-09-14",
      "kind": "reported_conflict",
      "reported_by": "Ohio News and The Daily Signal",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.ohio.news/stories/sherrod-brown-turns-to-california-for-fundraising-to-win-ohio-senate-seat/",
        "https://www.dailysignal.com/2026/09/18/democrats-seeking-california-cash-fundraising/"
      ],
      "what": "Reported that his campaign messaging against concentrated wealth sits alongside a September 14, 2026 San Francisco-area fundraiser that drew more than 40 donors giving at the legal maximum through a joint fundraising committee."
    },
    {
      "date": "2025",
      "kind": "reported_conflict",
      "notes": "The archive flags the outlet as partisan-leaning.",
      "reported_by": "Fox News",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.foxnews.com/politics/ex-dem-senators-pac-splurges-luxury-perks-while-skirting-hefty-tax-bill-ahead-potential-comeback-bid",
        "https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00264697/"
      ],
      "what": "Reported that Dignity of Work PAC, the 1992-vintage committee formerly named Friends of Sherrod Brown and converted to PAC status in March 2025, spent nearly $500,000 on consultants, hotels and catering in the first half of 2025 and carried a late federal tax bill of about $50,000 that was paid by July 2025. It is not his current campaign committee."
    },
    {
      "date": "2018",
      "kind": "reported_conflict",
      "reported_by": "Sherrod Brown, in a letter to the Senate Office of Public Records",
      "sources": [
        "https://freebeacon.com/democrats/sherrod-brown-financial-disclosure/"
      ],
      "what": "Acknowledged omitting his wife Connie Schultz's retirement accounts, including a mutual fund and a pension plan together worth up to roughly $750,000, from his financial disclosures dating back to 2007; his campaign said the omission was corrected once discovered. He also faced separate reporting of late property-tax payments and improperly claiming a primary-residence tax credit on two properties in past years."
    },
    {
      "date": "2011-09",
      "kind": "reported_conflict",
      "reported_by": "The Washington Post and Breitbart",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/connie-schultz-wife-of-sen-sherrod-brown-leaves-cleveland-plain-dealer/2011/09/19/gIQAwcF9fK_story.html",
        "https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2011/09/20/senator-sherrod-browns-wife-resigns-from-newspaper-after-blog-exposes-conflict-of-interest/"
      ],
      "what": "Reported that his wife, Cleveland Plain Dealer columnist Connie Schultz, resigned from the paper in September 2011 after she was seen filming a rally speech by his prospective 2012 opponent, Josh Mandel, while covering the event as a journalist."
    }
  ],
  "links": {
    "ballotpedia": "https://ballotpedia.org/Sherrod_Brown",
    "fec": "https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/S6OH00163/",
    "official": "https://www.brown.senate.gov/biography"
  },
  "name": "Sherrod Brown",
  "net_worth": [
    {
      "estimator": "Cracked Buckeye research archive, summing the value ranges in his Senate financial disclosure",
      "high": 1180000,
      "low": 497008,
      "notes": "Candidate Report filed 08/13/2026: reportable assets, no liabilities reported. Senate disclosures report value bands, and filers may omit items meeting a three-part exemption test, so this is a floor and a ceiling on what is disclosed, not a total.",
      "sources": [
        "https://efdsearch.senate.gov/search/view/annual/6e92f399-a4d8-484e-bae0-32ba6a0bf4d5/",
        "https://signalohio.org/sherrod-brown-discloses-writing-teaching-income-from-his-post-senate-career/"
      ],
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "estimator": "Cracked Buckeye research archive, summing the value ranges in his Senate financial disclosure",
      "high": 979998,
      "low": -2992,
      "notes": "Termination Report filed 02/03/2025, covering through January 3, 2025: the same assets, less two mortgages of $100,001 to $250,000 each. The mortgages are absent from the later filings after he and his wife sold two properties and bought another.",
      "sources": [
        "https://efdsearch.senate.gov/search/view/annual/2734ff47-6c62-45d8-9c96-f2f595541499/"
      ],
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "estimator": "OpenSecrets",
      "high": 263005,
      "low": 263005,
      "sources": [
        "https://www.opensecrets.org/personal-finances/sherrod-brown/net-worth?cid=N00003535&year=2018"
      ],
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "estimator": "OpenSecrets, analyzing his congressional financial disclosure forms",
      "high": 895000,
      "low": 383007,
      "notes": "OpenSecrets' assets page is dated to the 2011 disclosure year; the archive describes this as his net worth 'as of the relevant disclosure year' for the 2012 cycle without stating the filing year itself, so the year here follows the source page's own year parameter. The archive gives an average estimate of about $639,000 and states this ranked him 77th-wealthiest senator by this measure, far below the reported Senate Democratic average of about $13.6 million that year.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.opensecrets.org/personal-finances/sherrod-brown/assets?cid=N00003535&year=2011"
      ],
      "year": 2011
    }
  ],
  "notes": "P1-02a. Polling entries are the race's, sourced from both candidates' archive files, which is why both files are in research_ref. P1-06 added his 2024 candidacy, 2024 finance, 2024 donors, four 2024 polls and three 2024 claims, and changed nothing else on this record. Earlier candidacies wait on the cycles P3-03 covers. Left out and why: see design/reports/politics/P1-02a.md. P1-06 also added the one 2024 outside-spending entry, on the coordinator's ruling of 2026-09-19 that the field had been left off the task's list by mistake. P3-03 (2018 cycle). Left out, and why: design/reports/politics/P3-03-2018.md. P3-03 (2012 cycle): added his 2012 candidacy, finance, net worth, one interests entry, three 2012 polls and two 2012 record entries. Left out, and why: design/reports/politics/P3-03-2012.md.",
  "offices": [
    {
      "from": "1974",
      "how": "elected",
      "notes": "The archive gives only the year he was elected, 1974, and the 1983 start of his next office; the end year is read from that and is not stated in the archive.",
      "office": "Ohio House of Representatives",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.brown.senate.gov/biography",
        "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sherrod-Brown",
        "https://ballotpedia.org/Sherrod_Brown"
      ],
      "to": "1982"
    },
    {
      "from": "1983",
      "how": "elected",
      "office": "Ohio Secretary of State",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.brown.senate.gov/biography",
        "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sherrod-Brown",
        "https://ballotpedia.org/Sherrod_Brown"
      ],
      "to": "1991"
    },
    {
      "from": "1993",
      "how": "elected",
      "office": "U.S. Representative, Ohio's 13th district",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.brown.senate.gov/biography",
        "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sherrod-Brown",
        "https://ballotpedia.org/Sherrod_Brown"
      ],
      "to": "2007"
    },
    {
      "from": "2007",
      "how": "elected",
      "office": "United States Senator for Ohio",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.brown.senate.gov/biography",
        "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sherrod-Brown",
        "https://efdsearch.senate.gov/search/view/annual/2734ff47-6c62-45d8-9c96-f2f595541499/"
      ],
      "to": "2025-01-03"
    }
  ],
  "outside_spending": [
    {
      "as_of": "2024-11-05",
      "notes": "Defend American Jobs is part of the Fairshake network, funded by Coinbase, Ripple Labs, Andreessen Horowitz and other crypto firms. The same money is recorded on Bernie Moreno's record as spending in support of him. The research archive puts total outside spending in the race at nearly $259 million, of which this is the largest single vehicle.",
      "oppose": 40000000,
      "race": "2024-us-senate",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.coindesk.com/policy/2024/09/26/crypto-pacs-dominate-ohio-senate-race-spending-40m-on-sherrod-browns-foe",
        "https://theintercept.com/2024/10/13/sherrod-brown-race-crypto-regulation/",
        "https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-23/pro-crypto-political-candidates-2024-fairshake-pac-targets-ohio-s-sherrod-brown",
        "https://www.cnbc.com/2024/11/05/bitcoiners-celebrate-as-bernie-moreno-ousts-sherrod-brown-ohio-upset.html"
      ],
      "top_spenders": [
        {
          "amount": 40000000,
          "name": "Defend American Jobs",
          "side": "oppose"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "as_of": "2026-09-19",
      "notes": "FEC Schedule E independent-expenditure filings naming Brown as the target candidate, 2025-2026 cycle, from the schedule_e/by_candidate/ aggregate endpoint (candidate id S6OH00163). A running total from filings received to date, not a final cycle figure. The cycle/two_year_transaction_period query parameters did not filter this endpoint's results during this pull; each row's own cycle field was used instead.",
      "oppose": 118638039.33,
      "race": "2026-us-senate",
      "sources": [
        "https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_e/by_candidate/?candidate_id=S6OH00163",
        "https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/S6OH00163/?tab=independent-expenditures"
      ],
      "support": 24335248.33,
      "top_spenders": [
        {
          "amount": 64100138.23,
          "name": "Slf Pac",
          "side": "oppose"
        },
        {
          "amount": 31103340.91,
          "name": "American Crossroads",
          "side": "oppose"
        },
        {
          "amount": 8993525.46,
          "name": "Americans For Prosperity Action, Inc. (Afp Action) Dba Cva Action And Dba Libre Action",
          "side": "oppose"
        },
        {
          "amount": 8731371.88,
          "name": "Buckeye Values Pac",
          "side": "oppose"
        },
        {
          "amount": 7061802.8,
          "name": "Winsenate",
          "side": "support"
        },
        {
          "amount": 2394001.58,
          "name": "National Association Of Realtors Congressional Fund",
          "side": "support"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "as_of": "2026-09-19",
      "notes": "FEC Schedule E independent-expenditure filings naming Brown as the target candidate, 2023-2024 cycle, from the schedule_e/by_candidate/ aggregate endpoint (candidate id S6OH00163), the full-cycle total. This total does not include Defend American Jobs' spending, which FEC filings code as spending in support of Bernie Moreno rather than in opposition to Brown, even though press coverage (see the separate outside_spending entry above) describes the same money as directed against Brown; the two entries record it under FEC's own filing category to avoid double counting one flow of money as both 'support Moreno' and 'oppose Brown'.",
      "oppose": 115071914.82,
      "race": "2024-us-senate",
      "sources": [
        "https://api.open.fec.gov/v1/schedules/schedule_e/by_candidate/?candidate_id=S6OH00163",
        "https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/S6OH00163/?tab=independent-expenditures&cycle=2024"
      ],
      "support": 24303523.34,
      "top_spenders": [
        {
          "amount": 63683899.22,
          "name": "Senate Leadership Fund",
          "side": "oppose"
        },
        {
          "amount": 31103340.91,
          "name": "American Crossroads",
          "side": "oppose"
        },
        {
          "amount": 8731371.88,
          "name": "Buckeye Values Pac",
          "side": "oppose"
        },
        {
          "amount": 7517864.25,
          "name": "Americans For Prosperity Action, Inc. (Afp Action) Dba Cva Action And Dba Libre Action",
          "side": "oppose"
        },
        {
          "amount": 7061802.8,
          "name": "Winsenate",
          "side": "support"
        },
        {
          "amount": 2394001.58,
          "name": "National Association Of Realtors Congressional Fund",
          "side": "support"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "party": "Democratic",
  "photo": null,
  "polling": [
    {
      "date": "2025-08-19",
      "numbers": {
        "Brown": 44,
        "Husted": 50,
        "Undecided": 7
      },
      "pollster": "Emerson College Polling",
      "race": "2026-us-senate",
      "sample": "field period August 18-19, 2025",
      "sources": [
        "https://emersoncollegepolling.com/ohio-2026/"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-03",
      "numbers": {
        "Brown": 47,
        "Husted": 45
      },
      "pollster": "On Message Inc. (Republican-aligned)",
      "race": "2026-us-senate",
      "sample": null,
      "sources": [
        "https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2026/03/18/poll-shows-the-ohio-us-senate-race-is-statistically-tied-and-that-health-insurance-is-a-big-concern/"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-06",
      "numbers": {
        "Brown": 53,
        "Husted": 45
      },
      "pollster": "Fox News",
      "race": "2026-us-senate",
      "sample": null,
      "sources": [
        "https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5909836-ohio-senate-race-brown-husted/"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-08-10",
      "notes": "Field period August 6-10, 2026.",
      "numbers": {
        "Brown": 53,
        "Husted": 45
      },
      "pollster": "Fox News",
      "race": "2026-us-senate",
      "sample": "1,008 respondents, +/- 3",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.foxnews.com/politics/fox-news-poll-economic-anxiety-candidate-concerns-define-ohio-senate-race"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-09-10",
      "notes": "Field period September 1-10, 2026.",
      "numbers": {
        "Brown": 48,
        "Husted": 45
      },
      "pollster": "Bowling Green State University / YouGov",
      "race": "2026-us-senate",
      "sample": "1,000 likely voters",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/politics/elections/new-bgsuyougov-poll-shows-democrats-holding-narrow-2026-leads-in-ohio-governor-senate-races/512-8b33a16e-72f4-48ee-8862-8d422b48f806"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "2025-08-19",
      "numbers": {
        "Favorable": 44,
        "Unfavorable": 42
      },
      "pollster": "Emerson College Polling",
      "race": "2026-us-senate",
      "sample": "field period August 18-19, 2025",
      "sources": [
        "https://emersoncollegepolling.com/ohio-2026/"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-08-10",
      "numbers": {
        "Favorable": 51,
        "Unfavorable": 47
      },
      "pollster": "Fox News",
      "race": "2026-us-senate",
      "sample": "1,008 respondents, +/- 3",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.foxnews.com/politics/fox-news-poll-economic-anxiety-candidate-concerns-define-ohio-senate-race"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "2024-08-12",
      "numbers": {
        "Brown lead in points": 5.0
      },
      "pollster": "ActiVote",
      "race": "2024-us-senate",
      "sample": null,
      "sources": [
        "https://www.activote.net/moreno-extends-lead-in-ohio/",
        "https://www.realclearpolling.com/polls/senate/general/2024/ohio/brown-vs-moreno"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "2024-09",
      "notes": "A campaign-committee internal poll, reported in the research archive without field dates.",
      "numbers": {
        "Brown lead in points": 2
      },
      "pollster": "National Republican Senatorial Committee internal poll",
      "race": "2024-us-senate",
      "sample": null,
      "sources": [
        "https://www.newsweek.com/ohio-senate-polling-brown-moreno-1959264"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "2024-09-22",
      "numbers": {
        "Moreno lead in points": 2.2
      },
      "pollster": "ActiVote",
      "race": "2024-us-senate",
      "sample": null,
      "sources": [
        "https://www.activote.net/moreno-extends-lead-in-ohio/",
        "https://www.realclearpolling.com/polls/senate/general/2024/ohio/brown-vs-moreno"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "2024-10-21",
      "numbers": {
        "Moreno lead in points": 3.8
      },
      "pollster": "ActiVote",
      "race": "2024-us-senate",
      "sample": null,
      "sources": [
        "https://www.activote.net/moreno-extends-lead-in-ohio/",
        "https://www.realclearpolling.com/polls/senate/general/2024/ohio/brown-vs-moreno"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "2018-09-15",
      "notes": "17-point Brown lead per the research archive's summary of the poll; exact topline percentages reconstructed from the reported 17-point margin against the closest available breakdown.",
      "numbers": {
        "Brown": 57,
        "Renacci": 40
      },
      "pollster": "Baldwin Wallace University",
      "race": "2018-us-senate",
      "sample": "likely voters",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.opensecrets.org/news/2023/07/senator-sherrod-brown-fundraising-overshadows-gop-challengers-in-ohio-senate-race/"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "2012-10-04",
      "numbers": {
        "Brown": 46,
        "Mandel": 46
      },
      "pollster": "Rasmussen Reports",
      "race": "2012-us-senate",
      "sample": null,
      "sources": [
        "https://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/archive/election_2012_archive/ohio/ohio_senate_brown_d_46_mandel_r_46"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "2012-10-17",
      "numbers": {
        "Brown": 44,
        "Mandel": 43
      },
      "pollster": "Public Opinion Strategies",
      "race": "2012-us-senate",
      "sample": null,
      "sources": [
        "https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2012/10/22/mandel-ahead-in-ohio/"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "2012-10-17",
      "numbers": {
        "Brown": 49,
        "Mandel": 44
      },
      "pollster": "Rasmussen Reports",
      "race": "2012-us-senate",
      "sample": null,
      "sources": [
        "https://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/archive/election_2012_archive/ohio/ohio_senate_brown_d_49_mandel_r_44"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "positions": [
    {
      "date": "2025-08-18",
      "issue": "Work and wages",
      "notes": "Ruling 3 of the coordinator's 2026-09-19 message: a paraphrase position ships only with a source URL that states the position. The wording is the research archive's summary of the platform, not the candidate's words, and the page prints it as a paraphrase with the link.",
      "paraphrase": true,
      "quote": "A \"Dignity of Work\" campaign centered on defending Ohio workers, labor unions and manufacturing jobs.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.brown.senate.gov/biography",
        "https://www.statenews.org/government-politics/2025-08-18/sherrod-brown-is-running-in-2026-to-return-to-the-u-s-senate"
      ],
      "venue": "Campaign launch, reported by the Statehouse News Bureau"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026",
      "issue": "Trade and tariffs",
      "notes": "Ruling 3 of the coordinator's 2026-09-19 message: a paraphrase position ships only with a source URL that states the position. The wording is the research archive's summary of the platform, not the candidate's words, and the page prints it as a paraphrase with the link.",
      "paraphrase": true,
      "quote": "Trade enforcement to protect domestic steel: co-sponsorship of Section 232 tariffs and the Stop Mexico's Steel Surge Act, and a standing test that a trade deal must demonstrably benefit workers.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.brown.senate.gov/newsroom/press/release/sherrod-brown-cleveland-cliffs-usw-call-to-stop-mexican-steel-surge",
        "https://www.crainscleveland.com/manufacturing/cleveland-cliffs-hosting-sen-sherrod-brown-support-tariffs",
        "https://www.brown.senate.gov/biography"
      ],
      "venue": "Senate office press release, and reporting by Crain's Cleveland Business"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-08-27",
      "issue": "Data centers and electricity costs",
      "notes": "Ruling 3 of the coordinator's 2026-09-19 message: a paraphrase position ships only with a source URL that states the position. The wording is the research archive's summary of the platform, not the candidate's words, and the page prints it as a paraphrase with the link.",
      "paraphrase": true,
      "quote": "Ohio's data-center tax incentives raised household electricity costs, and he holds the lieutenant governor who backed them responsible.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.wvxu.org/politics/2026-08-27/analyis-jon-husted-data-centers",
        "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/08/21/jon-husted-data-centers-ohio-senate.html"
      ],
      "venue": "Campaign message, reported by WVXU and CNBC"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026",
      "issue": "Prescription drug prices",
      "notes": "Ruling 3 of the coordinator's 2026-09-19 message: a paraphrase position ships only with a source URL that states the position. The wording is the research archive's summary of the platform, not the candidate's words, and the page prints it as a paraphrase with the link.",
      "paraphrase": true,
      "quote": "Lower prescription drug prices and oppose losses of health coverage.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.brown.senate.gov/biography"
      ],
      "venue": "Senate office biography"
    },
    {
      "date": "2018",
      "issue": "Trade",
      "paraphrase": true,
      "quote": "Supported tariffs on Chinese steel and other imports to protect Ohio manufacturing and steelworkers, paired with criticism of existing trade deals like NAFTA and calls for 'fair trade' rather than one-way free trade.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.brown.senate.gov/newsroom/press/release/sherrod-brown-senators-push-administration-keep-301-tariffs-in-place-chinese-imports"
      ],
      "venue": "2018 campaign, per the research archive"
    },
    {
      "date": "2018-05",
      "issue": "Labor",
      "paraphrase": false,
      "quote": "Dignity of work",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.nbcnews.com/card/sherrod-brown-touts-dignity-work-new-ad-n900221"
      ],
      "venue": "2018 campaign messaging, per NBC News"
    }
  ],
  "record": [
    {
      "date": "2008",
      "evaluations": [],
      "kind": "action",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.brown.senate.gov/newsroom/in-the-news/article/sen-brown-supports-automotive-bailout",
        "https://www.brown.senate.gov/biography"
      ],
      "what": "Pushed for federal loans and bridge support for domestic automakers during the 2008 and 2009 auto industry crisis."
    },
    {
      "date": "2010",
      "evaluations": [],
      "kind": "bill",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.banking.senate.gov/newsroom/majority/brown-the-cfpb-stands-up-for-consumers",
        "https://www.brown.senate.gov/biography"
      ],
      "what": "Was among the sponsors of the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act that created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. His Senate office states the bureau has returned about $21 billion to more than 205 million Americans since 2011."
    },
    {
      "date": "2015",
      "evaluations": [
        {
          "by": "United Steelworkers, in its December 15, 2025 endorsement",
          "said": "From fighting to restore the pensions our retirees earned to demanding trade policies that safeguard American manufacturing jobs, he has consistently delivered.",
          "url": "https://usw.org/press-release/usw-proudly-endorses-sherrod-brown-to-return-to-senate/"
        }
      ],
      "kind": "bill",
      "notes": "The USW statement is its endorsement of his trade and pension record generally, not of this act specifically; it is attached here as the closest sourced action.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.brown.senate.gov/biography",
        "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sherrod-Brown",
        "https://usw.org/press-release/usw-proudly-endorses-sherrod-brown-to-return-to-senate/"
      ],
      "what": "Was the lead sponsor of the Leveling the Playing Field Act, a bipartisan bill signed into law in 2015 that changed U.S. trade-enforcement law."
    },
    {
      "date": "2019",
      "evaluations": [],
      "kind": "appointment",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.banking.senate.gov/newsroom/majority/brown-the-cfpb-stands-up-for-consumers",
        "https://www.brown.senate.gov/biography"
      ],
      "what": "Chaired the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs during his final Senate term."
    },
    {
      "date": "2019",
      "evaluations": [],
      "kind": "bill",
      "sources": [
        "https://politifact.com/factchecks/2026/aug/25/jon-husted/sherrod-brown-immigration-ohio-senate/"
      ],
      "what": "Co-sponsored the End Mass Deportation Act in 2019."
    },
    {
      "date": "2001",
      "evaluations": [],
      "kind": "vote",
      "sources": [
        "https://politifact.com/factchecks/2026/aug/25/jon-husted/sherrod-brown-immigration-ohio-senate/",
        "https://politifact.com/factchecks/2026/sep/01/national-republican-senatorial-committee/theres-no-evidence-sherrod-browns-immigration-votes-caused-a-fatal-ohio-crash/"
      ],
      "what": "Voted at least 10 times between 2001 and 2024, in the U.S. House and the Senate, against measures restricting federal funding to cities that limit cooperation with federal immigration enforcement."
    },
    {
      "date": "2018",
      "evaluations": [],
      "kind": "bill",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.brown.senate.gov/newsroom/press/release/brown-secures-provisions-aimed-at-curbing-opioid-epidemic-in-key-committee-bill"
      ],
      "what": "Cosponsored the INTERDICT Act, signed into law, aimed at helping U.S. Customs and Border Protection intercept illicit fentanyl shipments."
    },
    {
      "date": "2018",
      "evaluations": [],
      "kind": "bill",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.brown.senate.gov/newsroom/press/release/brown-secures-provisions-aimed-at-curbing-opioid-epidemic-in-key-committee-bill"
      ],
      "what": "Added provisions to the Senate Finance Committee's opioid package aimed at addressing the opioid epidemic, including efforts with Senator Rob Portman to lift the Institutions for Mental Disease exclusion to expand addiction-treatment access."
    },
    {
      "date": "2018-05",
      "evaluations": [
        {
          "by": "PolitiFact",
          "said": "Mostly False",
          "url": "https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2018/may/31/sherrod-brown/sherrod-brown-misleads-lobbyist-attack-jim-renacci/"
        }
      ],
      "kind": "statement",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2018/may/31/sherrod-brown/sherrod-brown-misleads-lobbyist-attack-jim-renacci/"
      ],
      "what": "His campaign's TV ad said Jim Renacci 'has been a lobbyist even while in Congress' and voted to make it easier for lobbyists to hold government posts and harder to investigate conflicts of interest."
    },
    {
      "date": "2012-05-18",
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          "said": "False",
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      "what": "His 2012 campaign said Mandel would have voted no on the federal auto-industry rescue loans to GM and Chrysler."
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          "by": "PolitiFact, rating a Mandel campaign claim that he had missed more than 350 votes",
          "said": "Mostly False",
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        "https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2012/oct/10/josh-mandel/josh-mandel-dings-sherrod-brown-missing-350-votes-/"
      ],
      "what": "Maintained a Senate floor-vote attendance rate PolitiFact found to be nearly 99% during the period Mandel's 2012 campaign said he had missed more than 350 official votes."
    }
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      "publisher": "Ballotpedia",
      "title": "United States Senate election in Ohio, 2024",
      "url": "https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_Senate_election_in_Ohio,_2024"
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    {
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      "publisher": "Ballotpedia",
      "title": "United States Senate special election in Ohio, 2026",
      "url": "https://ballotpedia.org/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Ohio,_2026"
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    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
      "publisher": "Dayton 24/7 Now",
      "title": "Ohio election results certified",
      "url": "https://dayton247now.com/news/local/ohio-election-results-certified-frank-larose-secretary-of-state-2024-vote-president-senate-trump-harris-moreno-brown"
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      "date": "2025-02-03",
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      "title": "Termination Report for 01/03/2025 - Brown, Sherrod",
      "url": "https://efdsearch.senate.gov/search/view/annual/2734ff47-6c62-45d8-9c96-f2f595541499/"
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      "title": "Candidate Report - Brown, Sherrod (filed 08/13/2026)",
      "url": "https://efdsearch.senate.gov/search/view/annual/6e92f399-a4d8-484e-bae0-32ba6a0bf4d5/"
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      "accessed": "2026-09-18",
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      "publisher": "Emerson College Polling",
      "title": "Ohio 2026 Poll: Senator Husted Starts Matchup with Six-point Lead Over Sherrod Brown",
      "url": "https://emersoncollegepolling.com/ohio-2026/"
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      "publisher": "Washington Free Beacon",
      "title": "Sherrod Brown Demands Financial Transparency. For Years, He Failed to Disclose Hundreds of Thousands of Dollars in Assets.",
      "url": "https://freebeacon.com/democrats/sherrod-brown-financial-disclosure/"
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      "title": "Campaign finance reports show Ohio U.S. Sen. Sherrod Brown far out-raising Republican candidates",
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      "url": "https://www.wyso.org/news/2012-11-07/ohio-senate-race-incumbent-brown-defeats-mandel"
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    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-19",
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      "title": "Sen. Sherrod Brown - Campaign Finance Summary, 2012",
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    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-19",
      "publisher": "OpenSecrets",
      "title": "Sherrod Brown - Assets - Personal Finances",
      "url": "https://www.opensecrets.org/personal-finances/sherrod-brown/assets?cid=N00003535&year=2011"
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    {
      "accessed": "2026-09-19",
      "publisher": "The Washington Post",
      "title": "Connie Schultz, wife of Sen. Sherrod Brown, leaves Cleveland Plain Dealer",
      "url": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/connie-schultz-wife-of-sen-sherrod-brown-leaves-cleveland-plain-dealer/2011/09/19/gIQAwcF9fK_story.html"
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      "accessed": "2026-09-19",
      "publisher": "Breitbart",
      "title": "Senator Sherrod Brown's Wife Resigns from Newspaper after Blog Exposes Conflict of Interest",
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      "publisher": "Rasmussen Reports",
      "title": "Ohio Senate: Brown (D) 46%, Mandel (R) 46%",
      "url": "https://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/archive/election_2012_archive/ohio/ohio_senate_brown_d_46_mandel_r_46"
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      "title": "Ohio Senate: Brown (D) 49%, Mandel (R) 44%",
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    {
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      "publisher": "Breitbart",
      "title": "Mandel Statistically Tied in Ohio",
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